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Respiratory > 2. Anatomy of the Upper Respiratory System > Flashcards

2. Anatomy of the Upper Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

3 parts of the PHARYNX

A

NASOPHARYNX

OROPHARYNX

LARYNGOPHARYNX

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2
Q

what is the FUNCTION of NASAL CAVITIES

A
  • OLFACTION (sense of smell)
  • adjust TEMPERATURE
  • adjust HUMIDITY
  • TRAP and REMOVE particulate matter (hairs, mucus, cillia)
  • DRAINS PARANASAL SINUSES
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3
Q

OLFACTION controlled by which CRANIAL NERVE

A

OLFACTORY NERVE (I)

  • under frontal lobe
  • carries signal posteriorly towards primary olfactory cortex
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4
Q

NASAL CAVITY can be divided into:

A
  • EXTERNAL NOSE
    at centre of midface
  • INTERNAL CHAMBER
    located centrally within cranium
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5
Q

CARTILAGE in the EXTERNAL NOSE:

A
  • MIDLINE SEPTAL CARTILAGE
  • LATERL PROCESS OF SEPTAL CARTILAGE
  • MINOR ALAR CARTILAGES (3-4)
  • MAJOR ALAR CARTILAGE
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6
Q

BONES in the EXTERNAL NOSE

A
  • FRONTAL bone
  • NASAL bone
  • FRONTAL PROCESS of MAXILLA
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7
Q

NASAL CAVITY extends from anterior openings …

A

NARES/NOSTRILS
to
CHOANAE - Posterior APERTURES (back of nasal cavity, junction where becomes nasopharynx)

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8
Q

NASAL CAVITY is Separated from the ORAL CAVITY below by the..

A

HARD PALATE
(part of palatine bone and maxilla)

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9
Q

CHOANAE are ALWAYS..

A

OPEN

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10
Q

NASAL CAVITY is Divided from CRANIAL CAVITY above by which bones

A

FRONTAL, ETHMOID, SPHENOID bones

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11
Q

Left and Right NASAL CAVITIES are divided by the..

A

NASAL SEPTUM

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12
Q

3 parts of the NASAL CAVITY

A
  • NASAL VESTIBULE
  • RESPIRATORY
  • OLFACTORY
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13
Q

what is the LARGEST part of the NASAL CAVITY

A

RESPIRATORY

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14
Q

what is the SMALLEST part of the NASAL CAVITY

A

OLFACTORY

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15
Q

what is the NASAL VESTIBULE part of the nasal cavity

A
  • the OPENING
  • INTERNAL to the NARIS (nostril)
  • LINED by SKIN and covered in SHORT HAIR FOLLICLES
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16
Q

features of the RESPIRATORY region of the NASAL CAVITY

A
  • LARGEST part
  • RICH NEUROVASCULAR SUPPLY (so can adjust temperature and humidity)
  • LINED by RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM composed mainly of CILLATED and MUCOUS CELLS (trap and remove particles)
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17
Q

where is the OLFACTORY region of the NASAL CAVITY

A

at the APEX (top)

  • SMALLEST
  • has OLFACTORY RECEPTORS
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18
Q

the LATERAL WALL of the NASAL CAVITY is characterised by 3 CURVED shelves of BONE known as..

A

CONCHAE / TURBINATES projecting off lateral wall

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19
Q

what are the 3 CONCHAE/TURBINATES Projecting off the LATERAL WALL of the NASAL CAVITY

A
  • SUPERIOR CONCHA
  • MIDDLE CONCHA
  • INFERIOR CONCHA (independent)
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20
Q

what do the 3 CONCHA of the NASAL CAVITY create and what does this do

A

4 AIR CHANNELS

  • INCREASES SURFACE AREA
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21
Q

what is found between the ROOF and the SUPERIOR CONCHA of the NASAL CAVITY

A

SPHENO-ETHMOIDAL RECESS

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22
Q

Anterior end of the CONCHO CURVES MEDIALLY to form a Lip OVERLYING the..

A

MEATUSES

  • SUPERIOR MEATUS
    between superior concha and middle concha
  • MIDDLE MEATUS
    between middle concha and inferior concha
  • INFERIOR MEATUS
    between inferior concha and floor
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23
Q

what are the 4 PARANASAL AIR SINUSES

A
  • 2X FRONTAL SINUS
  • 2X SPHENOID SINUS
  • 2X ETHMOID SINUS (ethmoidal cells)
  • 2X MAXILLARY SINUS
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24
Q

PARANASAL SINUSES develop as OUTGROWTHS from..

A

NASAL CAVITIES ERODING into surrounding BONE

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25
PARANASAL SINUSES LINED by
CILLIATED, MUCOUS-SECRETING RESPIRATORY MUCOSA (drain into meatus / nasal sinuses)
26
POSIBLE FUNCTION of the PARANASAL SINUSES
LIGHTEN SKULL RESONANCE SHOCK ABSORPTION
27
DRAINAGE of PARANASAL SINUSES Opening of SPEHNOIDAL SINUS into...
SPHENOETHMOIDAL RECESS
28
DRAINAGE of PARANASAL SINUSES Opening of MAXILLARY SINUS into
SEMILUNAR HIATUS (FLOOR)
29
DRAINAGE of PARANASAL SINUSES Opening of FRONTAL SINUS and ANTERIOR ETHMOIDAL CELLS into..
INFINDIBULUM / ANTERIOR end of SEMILUNAR HIATUS
30
DRAINAGE of PARANASAL SINUSES Opening of MIDDLE ETHMOIDAL CELLS onto/just above...
BULLA ETHMOIDALIS
31
DRAINAGE of PARANASAL SINUSES Opening of POSTERIOR ETHMOIDAL CELLS into..
LATERAL WALL of SUPERIOR MEATUS
32
DRAINAGE of PARANASAL SINUSES Opening of NASOLACRIMAL DUCT into..
INFERIOR MEATUS (LATERAL wall) (beneath inferior concha) (drainage of tears/LACRIMAL FLUID)
33
BLOOD SUPPLY to the nose
superficially: ANTERIOR and POSTERIOR ETHMOIDAL ARTERIES (from opthalmic, from internal carotid) posterior: SPHENOPALATINE ARTERY (from maxillary from external carotid) inferior: GREATER PALATINE ARTERY LATERAL NASAL ARTERY
34
what is LITTLE'S AREA / KIESSELBACH'S PLEXUS and which arteries is it composed of
Important site of extensive ANASTOMOSIS on NASAL SEPTUM comprised of: - ANTERIOR ETHMOIDAL artery - GREATER PALATINE artery - SPHENOPALATINE artery (septal branches) - SUPERIOR LABIAL artery (septal branches) causes epistaxis - nosebleeds
35
what do you have BEWTEEN OLFACTORY BULBS (separating)
CRIBRIFORM PLATE
36
OLFACTORY RECEPTORS found in..
OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM at the APEX of each nasal cavity
37
OLFACTORY RECEPTORS are..
PERIPHERAL PROCESSES of BIPOLAR SENSORY NEURONES with CELL BODIES DEEPER in EPITHELIUM
38
AXONS of OLFACTORY NERVE pass through..
CRIBRIFORM PLATE to SYNAPSE with second order neurones in the OLFACTORY BULB
39
where does the OLFACTORY TRACT TRAVEL
on the INFERIOR SURFACE of FRONTAL LOBE
40
OLFACTORY RECEPTOR AXONS pass ... before grouping together to form the OLFACTORY TRACT
SYNAPTIC GLOMERULI & MITRAL CELL LAYER
41
PATHWAY from the OLFACTORY BULB
- OLFACTORY BULB -> OLFACTORY TRACT (posteriorly) -> LATERAL STRIA or MEDIAL STRIA lateral stria -> PRIMARY OLFACTORY CORTEX (UNCUS of temporal lobe)
42
what is ANOSMIA
LOSS OF SMELL temporary eg infection/cold permanent eg. head injury / tumours in olfactory groove progressive eg neurodegenerative conditions (parkinson's/alzheimer's)
43
OLFACTION conveyed by cranial nerve I and PROCESSED by..
OLFACTORY CORTEX
44
the NOSE is a highly ... region
VASCULAR
45
the ... provide DRAINAGE SITES for the PARANASAL SINUSES
MEATUSES
46
the THREE CONCHAE (curved shelves of bone) are on which WALL of the NASAL CAVITY
LATERAL
47
the PHARYNX is a MUSCULOFASCIAL HALF-CYLINDER extending between..
SKULL BASE and Vertebral level C6
48
what does the PHARYNX CONNECT
NASAL and ORAL CAVITIES to LARYNX and OESOPHAGUS
49
PHARYNX is a common PASSAGE for
AIR and FOOD
50
what is hanging off the end of the HARD PALATE
SOFT PALATE
51
where is the NASOPHARYNX
POSTERIOR to CHOANAE CONTINUOUS with OROPHARYNX at PHARYNGEAL ISTHMUS
52
where is the OROPHARYNX
POSTERIOR to ORAL CAVITY - DIVIDED by OROPHARYNGEAL ISTHMUS
53
where is LARYNGOPHARYNX
POSTERIOR to LARYNGEAL INLET
54
CIRCULAR PHARYNGEAL MUSCLES: and where are they attached
SUPERIOR CONSTRICTOR (attaches to mandible and base of skull) MIDDLE CONSTRICTOR (attaches to hyoid bone) INFERIOR CONSTRICTOR (to thyroid cartilage) (most overlapping)
55
line where the CIRCULAR PHARYNGEAL MUSCLES meet in the middle
PHARYNGEAL RAPHE
56
what do the CIRCULAR PHARYNGEAL MUSCLES do
CONTRACT and NARROW LUMEN - to push food down
57
LONGITUDINAL PHARYNGEAL MUSCLES
- SALPINGOPHARYNGEUS (from pharyngotympanic tube) - STYLOPHARYNGEUS (from styloid process) - PALATOPHARYNGEUS (from soft palate)
58
what do LONGITUDINAL PHARYNGEAL MUSCLES do
PULL up/ ELEVATE PHARYNGEAL WALL (pharynx) during SWALLOWING
59
an important part of the NASOPHARYNX is the
PHARYNGEAL OPENING of the PHARYNGOTYMPANIC TUBE
60
what does the PHARYNGOTYMPANIC TUBE do
can OPEN to EQUALISE PRESSURE on both sides of the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE (ear drum) - External Auditory Meatus and Middle Ear Cavity
61
what are the TONSILS a collection of
COLLECTION of LYMPHOID TISSUE in the MUCOSA of the PHARYNX
62
what are the different TONSILS
- PHARYNGEAL TONSILS (can be known as ADENOIDS) at roof of nasal cavity - PALATINE TONSILS (associated with tonsillitis) back of mouth - LINGUAL TONSIL (posterior 1/3rd of tongue)
63
FUNCTION of TONSILS
IMMUNE DEFENCE SYSTEM in the upper respiratory tract
64
TONSILS surround OPENINGS of..
ORAL CAVITY and NASAL CAVITY
65
what SHAPE is the PHARYNX
HALF-CYLINDER
66
PHARYNX extends to which vertebral level
C6
67
PHARYNGEAL WALL composed of which type of MUSCLE
SKELETAL MUSCLE
68
what does the OROPHARYNGEAL ISTHMUS divide
ORAL CAVITY and OROPHARYNX
69
what are the OROPHARYNX and NASOPHARYNX DIVIDED by
PHARYNGEAL ISTHMUS
70
what is the WALDEYER'S RING
COLLECTION of LYMPHOID TISSUE in the PHARYNX
71
what does the PHARYNGOTYMPANIC TUBE CONNECT the NASOPHARYNX to
MIDDLE EAR CAVITY
72
how is the STRUCTURE of the LARYNX
MUSCULOLIGAMENTOUS structure with a CARTILAGINOUS FRAMEWORK
73
LARYNX is Continuous with the...
TRACHEA
74
LARYNX continuous with the Trachea at which VERTEBRAL LEVEL
C6
75
LARYNX OPENS into the..
PHARYNX posteroinferior to the LINGUAL TONSIL
76
2 FUNCTIONS of the LARYNX:
- VALVE - ELEVATES superiorly to CLOSE the LOWER RESPIRTATORY TRACT when SWALLOWING (so food passes into Oesophagus) - INSTRUMENT to produce SOUND
77
LARYNX formed by 3 LARGE UNPAIRED CARTILAGES:
- EPIGLOTTIS - THYROID CARTILAGE - CRICOID CARTILAGE
78
LARYNX 3 SMALLER PAIRED CARTILAGES:
- ARYTENOID CARTILAGE - CORNICULATE CARTILAGE (at apex of arytenoid cartilage) - CUNEIFORM CARTILAGE (looks like its floating)
79
CARTILAGIONOUS components of the LARYNX are SUSPENDED FROM..
HYOID BONE
80
CARTILAGINOUS components of the LARYNX are HIGHLY..
MOBILE
81
which is the LARGEST (UNPAIRED) LARYNGEAL CARTILAGE
THYROID CARTILAGE
82
2 LAMINA of the THYROID CARTILAGE FUSE at the...
LARYNGEAL PROMINANCE
83
why is the LARYNGEAL PROMINANCE more Prominent in MALES
SMALLER ANGLE between the left and right LAMINA
84
another PALPABLE FEATURE of the THYROID CARTILAGE
SUPERIOR THYROID NOTCH
85
LINE on the THYROID CARTILAGE where MUSCLES ATTACH (to move larynx)
OBLIQUE LINE
86
what is there SUPERIORLY and INFERIORLY on the THRYOID CARTILAGE
SUPERIOR HORN INFERIOR HORN (articulates with cricoid cartilage)
87
parts on the THYROID CARTILAGE (LARYNX)
- 2 LAMINA - LARYNGEAL PROMINENCE - SURPERIOR THYROID NOTCH - OBLIQUE LINE - SUPERIOR & INFERIOR HORNS
88
what is the INFERIOR-most LARYNGEAL CARTILAGE
CRICOID CARTILAGE
89
STRUCTURE of CRICOID CARTILAGE
appearance of a Signet Ring NARROW ANTERIOR: ARCH BROAD POSTERIOR: LAMINA
90
ARTICULATIONS of the CRICOID CARTILAGE
superior: with base of ARYTENOID CARTILAGE laterally: with INFERIOR HORN of the THYROID CARTILAGE
91
FUNCTION of ARYTENOID CARTILAGE
MOVES VOCAL FOLDS (by swivelling action on the cricoid) enabling TENSION in VOCAL LIGAMENT (alters pitch of voice) & RELAXATION or APPROXIMATION
92
where is the ARYTENOID CARTILAGE
sits on CRICOID CARTILAGE (SUPERIOR)
93
PARTS of the ARYTENOID CARTILAGE
- APEX facet for Articulation with CORNICULATE CARTILAGE - BASE concave surface for articulation with CRICOID CARTILAGE - VOCAL PROCESS attachment for VOCAL LIGAMENT - MUSCULAR PROCESS attachment for MUSCLE (projects laterally)
94
where is the CORNICULATE CARTILAGE
sits on the ARYTENOID CARTILAGE (EXTENSION/prolong)
95
FUNCTION of CORNICULATE CARTILAGE
ATTACHMENT for ARYEPIGLOTIC FOLD
96
Where is the CUNEIFORM CARTILAGE (larynx)
SUSPENDED in ARYEPIGLOTTIC FOLD
97
FUNCTION of CUNEIFORM CARTILAGE
SUPPORT and STRUCTURE
98
EXTERNAL MEMBRANES of the LARYNX:
- HYO-EPIGLOTTIC LIGAMENT - THYROHYOID MEMBRANE - CRICOTRACHEAL LIGAMENT
99
what do EXTERNAL MEMBRANES of the LARYNX do
ANCHOR LARYNX to surrounding regions
100
what do INTERNAL MEMBRANES of the LARYNX do
CONNECT COMPONENTS of LARYNX together (inside)
101
INTERNAL MEMBRANES of the LARYNX:
- CRICOTHYROID LIGAMENT - QUADRANGULAR MEMBRANE
102
CRICOTHYROID LIGAMENT (internal membrane of larynx) THICKENS in the MIDLINE to form..
MEDIAN CRICOTHYROID LIGAMENT (used in emergencies eg. cricothyrotomy)
103
the UPPER FREE MARGIN of the CRICOTHYROID LIGAMENT (larynx inner membrane) forms the...
VOCAL LIGAMENT (extending between THYROID cartilage and ARYTENOID cartilage vocal process) - UNDERLINES the TRUE VOCAL FOLD (aka vocal cord)
104
the VOCAL LIGAMENT of the Larynx EXTENDS BETWEEN..
THRYOID CARTILAGE and the ARYTENOID CARTILAE (VOCAL PROCESS)
105
QUADRANGULAR MEMBRANE (inner membrane of larynx) extends between..
LATERAL MARGIN of the EPIGLOTTIS to ARYTENOID CARTILAGE on either side
106
FREE LOWER MARGIN of QUADRANGULAR MEMBRANE (inner membrane larynx) THICKENS to form..
VESTIBULAR LIGAMENT
107
QUADRANGULAR MEMBRANE (larynx) VESTIBULAR LIGAMENT - what overlies it
VESTIBULAR FOLD - forms FALSE VOCAL CORD
108
ROLE of the VESTIBULAR FOLD (QUADRANGULAR MEMBRANE)
PROTECTING ENTRANCE to the TRACHEA
109
CAVITY of the LARYNX had 3 parts:
- VESTIBULE from laryngeal inlet to VESTIBULAR FOLDS - MIDDLE from VESTIBULAR FOLDS to VOCAL FOLDS (space inbetween) - INFRAGLOTTIC SPACE vocal folds to CRICOID CARTILAGE (inferior border)
110
(LARYNX) the MUCOSA of the MIDDLE CAVITY (between VESTIBULAR and VOCAL FOLDS) BULGES out LATERALLY to form the...
VENTRICLES
111
(LARYNX) EXTENSION of the VENTRICLE PROJECTING ANTEROSUPERIORLY to lie against THYROID CARTILAGE is called the..
LARYNGEAL SACCULE (has Mucous glands, mucous lubricates vocal folds)
112
the visible TRIANGULAR OPENING between the VESTIBULAR FOLDS of the LARYNX is called the
RIMA VESTIBULI
113
the visible TRIANGULAR OPENING between the VOCAL FOLDS (LARYNX) (below vestibular folds) is called the
RIMA GLOTTIDIS
114
BLOOD SUPPLY to the LARYNX by which ARTERIES
- SUPERIOR LARYNGEAL (from SUPERIOR THYROID from EXTERNAL CAROTID) - INFERIOR LARYNGEAL (from THYROCERVICAL TRUNK from SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY)
115
INNERVATION to the LARYNX by which NERVES (paired)
- SUPERIOR LARYNGEAL nerve sensory ABOVE the level of the VOCAL FOLDS - RECURRENT LARYNGEAL nerve sensory BELOW the level of the VOCAL FOLDS
116
INNERVATION to the LARYNX is DERIVED from which CRANIAL NERVE
VAGUS NERVE (X/10)
117
where is the RIGHT RECURENT LARYNGEAL NERVE
originates in root of neck Loops/HOOKS UNDERNEATH the RIGHT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY
118
where is the LEFT RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE
HOOKS UNDERNEATH the ARCH OF AORTA
119
LEFT and RIGHT RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVES innervate ALL larynx muscles EXCEPT... which is innerved by..
CRICOTHYROID -EXTERNAL BRANCH of SUPERIOR LARYGEAL
120
the VOCAL LIGAMENT is which part of the CRICOTHYROID LIGAMENT
UPPER FREE MARGIN
121
how are the VESTIBULE, VOCAL FOLDS and RIMA GLOTTIDIS during QUIET RESPIRATION
OPEN
122
VIBRATION of ... leads to the Production of SOUND
VOCAL FOLDS may be modified by the oral cavity and upper airway
123
the VESTIBULAR LIGAMENT is the THICKENED which region of the QUADRANGULAR MEMBRANE
LOWER FREE MARGER
124
the RIMA GLOTTIDIS is the OPENING between which pair of FOLDS
VOCAL FOLDS
125
the RIMA VESTIBULI is the OPENING between which pair of FOLDS
VESTIBULAR FOLDS

Respiratory (16 decks)

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