8. Social Development Flashcards
what are the multiple domains of development?
psychosocial, physical and cognitive
psychosocial development
encompasses changes in feelings, self-concept, interpersonal thought and behaviour across the life span
cognitive development
changes and continuities in perception, language, memory, learning, etc
physical
the growth of the body and its organs
what are the two critical issues psychological development include?
attachment and its implication for adult functioning
socialisation by parents and peers
Attachment
refers to an enduring emotional tie between child and primary caregiver
what does attachment involve?
desire of the child to be close to the care giver
a sense iof distress when the caregiver is absent
interaction between two people who react to each other’s signals
what is an early attachment theory?
attachment usually is between mother and child and may reflect feeding of the child by the mother
what did Harlow’s research demonstrate?
contact comfort was crucial elements in forming attachment relationships in primates
wha are Bowlby’s phases of attachment?
- indiscriminate sociability
- attachment in the making
- specific clear-cut attachments
- goal-coordinated partnerships
phase 1. indiscriminate sociability
0-2 months
responds actively with cries, smiles, coos and gazes to promote contact and affection from other people;
uses limited attachment behaviours less selectively than when older
phase 2. attachments in the making
2-7 months
increased preference for individuals most familiar and responsive to needs;
preferences reinforce parent’s affection; accepts certain forms of attention and care from comparative strangers;
tolerates temporary separations from parents
phase 3. specific, clear-cut attachments
7-24 months
preferences for specific people must stronger due to ability to represent persons mentally (PRJ)
ability to crawl and walk enables toddler to seek proximity to caregiver as a sage base for exploration
increased verbal skills = greater involvement
separation anxiety and stranger anxiety
separation anxiety
infant’s disturbance at being separated from caregiver
stranger anxiety
a wariness and avoidance of strangers - appear near the beginning of phase 3
phase 4. goal coordinated partnerships
24 months and over
age 2 - increasing representational and memory skills for objects and events
growing ability to understand parental feelings and points of view and to adjust their view accordingly
growing capacity to tolerate short parental absences and delays and interruptions in parents’ undivided attention makes possible cooperation with others to meet needs
changing abilities are related to secure attachment relationships grounded in a sense of basic trust
how is attachment measured?
stage situation paradigm used to assess attachment in children
what is the process of stage situation paradigm when related to attachment of children?
mother leaves child (12 - 18 months) alone in room of toys
friendly stranger briefly joins child
mother rejoins
measure of attachment was in reaction of child upon mother leaving and returning to child
what are the 4 attachment patterns
secure
avoidant
ambivalent
disorganised
secure attachment
child welcome’s mothers return and seeks closeness to her (most common)
avoidant attachment
child ignores mother
ambivalent attachment
child exhibits anger at mother while seeking to be close to her
disorganised
child may approach mother but gaze away, and may show odd motor behaviour and dazed facial expression
what does attachment as an infant predict in humans?
as a child - self-control, peer acceptance and ability to perform in classroom
as an adult - current attachment style and relationship quality
socialisation
the process by which children learn the beliefs, values skills and behaviour patterns of their society
what are the issues of socialisation?
interactive and life long
occurs within a broad social and economic context
what os vygotsky’s theory of development
social interaction precedes development; consciousness and cognition are the end processes of socialisation and social behaviour
authoritative
make reasonable, age-appropriate demands; promotes self-regulation; warm; receptive; raitonal; verbal give - and - take
what are the child’s characteristics of an authoritative parent
independent, socially responsible, self controlled, explorative, self-reliant
authoritatian
exert strict control, critical evaluation of child’s behaviour and attitudes, littler verbal give-and-take, cold, emotionally rejecting, does not promote autonomy
what are the child’s characteristic with an authoritarian parent
withdrawn, disconnected, distrustful of others
permissive
non-controlling, non-demanding, little punishment or exercising of power, use of reasoning, warm and accepting
what is the child’s characteristics of a permissive parent
lack of self-reliance and self-control
uninvolved
emotionally cold, indifferent, non controlling, parent-centred rather than child-centred
what is the child’s characteristics of an uninvolved parent?
disruptions of attachment and peer relationships, behavioural problems
what is the role of peers in socialisation?
parent-child relationship is central up until age 6 ish and then peers become increasingly important for optimal psychosocial development
peers
social equals who function at a similar level of behavioural complexity and who are often of similar age
how do the meaning of friendship change with age?
self gratification characterises friendships in young children (friends give things) older childhood (and adolescent) friendships are characterised by intimacy (mutual self disclosure and empathy)
rejected children in peer group status?
disliked by peers,
bullied or bullies
show low self esteem later in life
neglected children in peer group status?
not mentioned as either liked or disliked
show better academic performance in school
what do sibling relationships involve?
warmth and companionship (genetic relationship ensures the wellbeing of one is related to the well being of the other)
how do siblings effect development
direct - sibling to sibling interactions
indirect - sibling-parent interactions affect parents; influence on parents affects next sibling
what is Erickson’s theory of psychosocial development?
compared with psychodynamic theory.
Emphasis on the social influences such as peers, family school etc on the stages of development of personality and identity. Also emphasis on rational ac active resolution conflicts
what are the stages of psychosocial development?
trust versus mistrust autonomy versus shame initiative versus guilt industry versus inferiority identity versus role confusion intimacy versus isolation generatively versus stagnation ego integrity versus dispare
trust vs mistrust
0-1 yr
focus on oral-sensory activity; development of trusting relationships with caregivers and of self-trust (hope)
Autonomy vs shame
1-3
focus on muscular-anal activity; development of control over bodily functions and activities (will)
initiative vs guilt
3-6 years
focus on locomotor-genital activity; testing limits of self-assertion and purposefulness (purpose)
industry vs inferiority
6-12
focus on mastery, competence and productivity (competence)
identity vs role confusion
12 - 19
focus on formation of identity and coherent self-concept (fidelity)
intimacy vs isoation
19 - 25
focus on achievement of an intimate relationshop and and career direction (love)
generatively versus stagnation
25 - 50
focus on fulfilment through creative, productive activity that contributes to future generations (care)
ego integrity vs despire
50 and older
focus on belief in integrity of life, including successes and failures (wisdom)
