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Pyb100 > 8. Social Development > Flashcards

8. Social Development Flashcards

1
Q

what are the multiple domains of development?

A

psychosocial, physical and cognitive

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2
Q

psychosocial development

A

encompasses changes in feelings, self-concept, interpersonal thought and behaviour across the life span

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3
Q

cognitive development

A

changes and continuities in perception, language, memory, learning, etc

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4
Q

physical

A

the growth of the body and its organs

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5
Q

what are the two critical issues psychological development include?

A

attachment and its implication for adult functioning

socialisation by parents and peers

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6
Q

Attachment

A

refers to an enduring emotional tie between child and primary caregiver

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7
Q

what does attachment involve?

A

desire of the child to be close to the care giver
a sense iof distress when the caregiver is absent
interaction between two people who react to each other’s signals

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8
Q

what is an early attachment theory?

A

attachment usually is between mother and child and may reflect feeding of the child by the mother

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9
Q

what did Harlow’s research demonstrate?

A

contact comfort was crucial elements in forming attachment relationships in primates

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10
Q

wha are Bowlby’s phases of attachment?

A
  1. indiscriminate sociability
  2. attachment in the making
  3. specific clear-cut attachments
  4. goal-coordinated partnerships
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11
Q

phase 1. indiscriminate sociability

A

0-2 months

responds actively with cries, smiles, coos and gazes to promote contact and affection from other people;
uses limited attachment behaviours less selectively than when older

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12
Q

phase 2. attachments in the making

A

2-7 months

increased preference for individuals most familiar and responsive to needs;
preferences reinforce parent’s affection; accepts certain forms of attention and care from comparative strangers;
tolerates temporary separations from parents

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13
Q

phase 3. specific, clear-cut attachments

A

7-24 months

preferences for specific people must stronger due to ability to represent persons mentally (PRJ)
ability to crawl and walk enables toddler to seek proximity to caregiver as a sage base for exploration
increased verbal skills = greater involvement

separation anxiety and stranger anxiety

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14
Q

separation anxiety

A

infant’s disturbance at being separated from caregiver

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15
Q

stranger anxiety

A

a wariness and avoidance of strangers - appear near the beginning of phase 3

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16
Q

phase 4. goal coordinated partnerships

A

24 months and over

age 2 - increasing representational and memory skills for objects and events
growing ability to understand parental feelings and points of view and to adjust their view accordingly
growing capacity to tolerate short parental absences and delays and interruptions in parents’ undivided attention makes possible cooperation with others to meet needs
changing abilities are related to secure attachment relationships grounded in a sense of basic trust

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17
Q

how is attachment measured?

A

stage situation paradigm used to assess attachment in children

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18
Q

what is the process of stage situation paradigm when related to attachment of children?

A

mother leaves child (12 - 18 months) alone in room of toys
friendly stranger briefly joins child
mother rejoins

measure of attachment was in reaction of child upon mother leaving and returning to child

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19
Q

what are the 4 attachment patterns

A

secure
avoidant
ambivalent
disorganised

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20
Q

secure attachment

A

child welcome’s mothers return and seeks closeness to her (most common)

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21
Q

avoidant attachment

A

child ignores mother

22
Q

ambivalent attachment

A

child exhibits anger at mother while seeking to be close to her

23
Q

disorganised

A

child may approach mother but gaze away, and may show odd motor behaviour and dazed facial expression

24
Q

what does attachment as an infant predict in humans?

A

as a child - self-control, peer acceptance and ability to perform in classroom

as an adult - current attachment style and relationship quality

25
Q

socialisation

A

the process by which children learn the beliefs, values skills and behaviour patterns of their society

26
Q

what are the issues of socialisation?

A

interactive and life long

occurs within a broad social and economic context

27
Q

what os vygotsky’s theory of development

A

social interaction precedes development; consciousness and cognition are the end processes of socialisation and social behaviour

28
Q

authoritative

A

make reasonable, age-appropriate demands; promotes self-regulation; warm; receptive; raitonal; verbal give - and - take

29
Q

what are the child’s characteristics of an authoritative parent

A

independent, socially responsible, self controlled, explorative, self-reliant

30
Q

authoritatian

A

exert strict control, critical evaluation of child’s behaviour and attitudes, littler verbal give-and-take, cold, emotionally rejecting, does not promote autonomy

31
Q

what are the child’s characteristic with an authoritarian parent

A

withdrawn, disconnected, distrustful of others

32
Q

permissive

A

non-controlling, non-demanding, little punishment or exercising of power, use of reasoning, warm and accepting

33
Q

what is the child’s characteristics of a permissive parent

A

lack of self-reliance and self-control

34
Q

uninvolved

A

emotionally cold, indifferent, non controlling, parent-centred rather than child-centred

35
Q

what is the child’s characteristics of an uninvolved parent?

A

disruptions of attachment and peer relationships, behavioural problems

36
Q

what is the role of peers in socialisation?

A

parent-child relationship is central up until age 6 ish and then peers become increasingly important for optimal psychosocial development

37
Q

peers

A

social equals who function at a similar level of behavioural complexity and who are often of similar age

38
Q

how do the meaning of friendship change with age?

A 
self gratification characterises friendships in young children (friends give things)
older childhood (and adolescent) friendships are characterised by intimacy (mutual self disclosure and empathy)
39
Q

rejected children in peer group status?

A

disliked by peers,

bullied or bullies
show low self esteem later in life

40
Q

neglected children in peer group status?

A

not mentioned as either liked or disliked

show better academic performance in school

41
Q

what do sibling relationships involve?

A

warmth and companionship (genetic relationship ensures the wellbeing of one is related to the well being of the other)

42
Q

how do siblings effect development

A

direct - sibling to sibling interactions

indirect - sibling-parent interactions affect parents; influence on parents affects next sibling

43
Q

what is Erickson’s theory of psychosocial development?

A

compared with psychodynamic theory.

Emphasis on the social influences such as peers, family school etc on the stages of development of personality and identity. Also emphasis on rational ac active resolution conflicts

44
Q

what are the stages of psychosocial development?

A 
trust versus mistrust
autonomy versus shame
initiative versus guilt
industry versus inferiority
identity versus role confusion
intimacy versus isolation
generatively versus stagnation
ego integrity versus dispare
45
Q

trust vs mistrust

A

0-1 yr

focus on oral-sensory activity; development of trusting relationships with caregivers and of self-trust (hope)

46
Q

Autonomy vs shame

A

1-3

focus on muscular-anal activity; development of control over bodily functions and activities (will)

47
Q

initiative vs guilt

A

3-6 years

focus on locomotor-genital activity; testing limits of self-assertion and purposefulness (purpose)

48
Q

industry vs inferiority

A

6-12

focus on mastery, competence and productivity (competence)

49
Q

identity vs role confusion

A

12 - 19

focus on formation of identity and coherent self-concept (fidelity)

50
Q

intimacy vs isoation

A

19 - 25

focus on achievement of an intimate relationshop and and career direction (love)

51
Q

generatively versus stagnation

A

25 - 50

focus on fulfilment through creative, productive activity that contributes to future generations (care)

52
Q

ego integrity vs despire

A

50 and older

focus on belief in integrity of life, including successes and failures (wisdom)

Pyb100 (11 decks)

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