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Pyb100 > 7. Cognitive Development > Flashcards

7. Cognitive Development Flashcards

1
Q

developmental psychology

A

the field of study that explores patterns of stability, continuity, growth and change that occur throughout a person’s life

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2
Q

physical development

A

the growth of the body and its organs

the functioning of physiological systems such as the brain physical signs of ageing, changes in motor abilites

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3
Q

cognitive development

A

changes and continuities in perception, language, learning, memory, problem-solving and other mental processes

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4
Q

psychosocial development

A

changes and continuities in personal and interpersonal aspects such as motives, emotion, personality traits, interpersonal skill, relationships and roles played in the family and society

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5
Q

what are the broad domains of development

A

physical, cognitive and psychosocial

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6
Q

what are the stages of life?

A 
prenatal period
infancy
early childhood
middle childhood
adolescent
early adulthood
middle adulthood
late adulthood
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7
Q

what is piaget’s cognitive theory?

A

children actively construct new understandings of the world based on their experiences

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8
Q

what are piaget’s stages?

A

sensorimotor
pre operational
concrete operational
formal operational

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9
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

0-2 years

coordination of sensory and motor activity; achievement of object permanence

dominant cognitive structures are the behavioural schemes that develop through coordination of sensory information and motor responses

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10
Q

pre operational stage

A

2-7

use of language and symbolic representations; egocentric view of the world, make-believe play

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11
Q

concrete operational

A

7-11

solutions of concrete problems through logical operations; objects are organised into hierarchies and classes and subclasses; thinking is not yet abstract

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12
Q

formal operaitional

A

11-adult

systematic solution of actual and hypothetical problem using abstract symbols

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13
Q

what is assimilation

A

learning new information

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14
Q

accomodation

A

changing schemes to incorporate new information or ideas

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15
Q

what are Piaget’s direct concepts of direct learning?

A

schemes

assimilation
accommodation
adaptation

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16
Q

what are the 6 substages of the sensorimotor stage

A 
reflex
primary circular reactions
secondary circular reactions
coordination of secondary schemes
tertiary circular reactions
beginning of thought
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17
Q

reflex activity stage

A

first month

reflexive reaction to internal and external stimulation

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18
Q

primary circular reactions

A

1-4 months

infant repeat actions relating to their own bodies

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19
Q

secondary circular reactions

A

4-8 months

repetitive actions involving something in the infant’s external environment

20
Q

coordination of secondary schemes

A

secondary actions are co-ordinated in order to achieve simple goals (e.g. pushing / grasping)

21
Q

tertiary circular reactions

A

12 -18 moths

experimentation: actions are repeated with variation

22
Q

beginning of thought

A

18 months –>

symbolic thought permits mental representation imitation and recall

23
Q

what is object permanance

A

developed during sensorimotor period

it is the understanding that objects continue to exist when they are not visibe

24
Q

what is the a 4-8 month old thinking in regard to object peromanance

A

out of sight out of mind

25
Q

12 months in regard to object permanance?

A

make the A not B error

26
Q

1 year (object permanence)

A

A-not-B error overcome, but continued trouble with invisible displacement

27
Q

18 months (object permanence)

A

mastered

28
Q

what is a common focus of a child in the pre-operational stage?

A

perceptual salience - the most obvious features of an object or situation - means that pre-schoolers can be fooled by appearance

29
Q

what do pre-operational children have difficulty with?

A

logic

the rely on perceptions and lack of logical thought means that they have difficulty with conversation.

(the idea that certain properties of an object or substance do not change when its appearance is altered a superficial way)

30
Q

what are the cognitive limitations of the pre-operational stage?

A 
centration
irreversible thought
static thought
difficulty with classification
egocentrism
31
Q

centration

A

focusing on one aspect of the problem or object

32
Q

irreversible thought

A

cannot mentally undo an action

33
Q

static thoguht

A

focusing on the end state rather that the changes that transformed one state into another

34
Q

difficulty with classificaiton

A

using criteria to sort objects on the basis of characteristics such as shape, colour or function

lack of class inclusion, ability to related the whole class (e.g. furry animals) to its subclasses (dogs and cats)

35
Q

egocentrism and theory of mind

A

the ability to attribute mental states - beliefs, intents, desires, pretending, knowledge - to oneself and others and to understand that others have beliefs, desires and intentions that are different from one’s own

36
Q

what are examples of false belief tasks and what are its concepts

A

sally anne task
smarties task

between the ages of 3 and 4 children acquire the ability to understand that another person can have false beliefs as tested by these tasks

37
Q

what does a child in the concrete operational stage demonstrate

A

ability to perform operations - mental actions on concrete situations/objects

decentration, reversibility of thought, transformational thought, seriation, transivity, less egocentrism, classification abilities improve

38
Q

decentration

A

cant focus on 2 or more dimensions of a problem at nce

39
Q

reversibility of thought

A

can mentally reverse or undo an action

40
Q

transformative thought

A

can understand the process of changing from one state to another.
shift from understanding being driven by perceptual salience to logical reasoning

41
Q

seriation

A

the ability to arrange items mentally along a quantifiable dimensions such as weight or height

42
Q

transivity

A

the understanding of relationships among elements in a series

43
Q

classification abilities improve

A

can classify by multiple dimensions and can grasp class inclusion

44
Q

what are formal operations?

A

mental actions on ideas

they permit systematic and scientific thinking about problems, hypothetical ideas and abstract concepts

45
Q

how do formal operations contribute to positive aspects of adolescent development?

A

provides a sense of identity, complex thinking and appreciation of humour

46
Q

how does formal operations contribute to not so positive aspects of adolescent behaviour

A

confusion, adolescent idealism and rebellion against ideas that are not logical
formal operational thought can also lead to adolescent egocentrism

Pyb100 (11 decks)

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