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Pyb100 > 2. Research Methods In Psychology > Flashcards

2. Research Methods In Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What is psychological science for the practitioner?

A

Evidence based practice should be based on the best available research evidence

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2
Q

Why should researchers and practitioners join together?

A

To ensure that research available on psychological practice is both clinically relevant and internally valid

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3
Q

What are three dangers of misinformed practice?

A

Hysteria
Bettleheims theory of autism
Frontal lobotomy

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4
Q

What is critical thinking?

A

Making a decision based on evaluation and observation of specific issues

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5
Q

What must a good research consist of?

A

A theory

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6
Q

That is a theory?

A

A theory is a systematic way of organising and explaining observations; different schools of thought promote different theories which can lead to new testable predictions

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7
Q

What is a hypothesis

A

A tentative belief or prediction about the way two or mor variables interact and impact each other

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8
Q

What must a good theory contain?

A

Fits known facts
Makes new testable predictions
Is falsifiable

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9
Q

What are the steps to designing research in psychology?

A

Choose a research design
Choose a sample
Choose data collecting techniques (operationalising variables)
Controlling sources of bias

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10
Q

What is a naturalistic observation?

A

Where the researcher carefully observes behaviour without intervening

Participant observation where the researcher is also a participant

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11
Q

What are the advantages of the naturalistic observation?

A

In depth observation of behaviour in natural setting, not contrived

Can provide new insights

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12
Q

What are the disadvantages of the naturalistic observation?

A

Reactivity: difficult to remain unobtrusive

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13
Q

What is a case study?

A

An in depth investigation of an individual person or situation using interview, direct observation, records, psychological tests

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14
Q

What are the advantages of a case study?

A

Can provide rich and compelling data to support a theory

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15
Q

What are the disadvantages of a case study?

A

Not Representative of general population

Subjectivity: investigators see what they expect to see

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16
Q

What is a survey?

A

Use of questionnaires or interviews to gather information About specific aspects of behaviour

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17
Q

What are the advantages of a survey?

A

Provides data on difficult to observe behaviour

And data from a large sample

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18
Q

What are the disadvantages of a survey?

A

Self report data can be unreliable. Intentional description, social desirability, response sets, reliance on memory

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19
Q

What is a correlational research

A

Looking for relationships among variables

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20
Q

What are the advantages of a correlational study?

A

Useful for studying variables that the researcher can’t manipulate (personality, intelligence, age and sex)

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21
Q

What are the disadvantages of a correlational study?

A

Although it demonstrate that a relationship exists. It cannot determine causality

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22
Q

What is an experiment research?

A

To establish causation where the researcher manipulates variables

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23
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

The variable that is manipulated

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24
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

The variable that is measured

25
Q

What is a sample?

A

The person or things we test the hypothesis on

26
Q

What is a population?

A

The entire group of people we are interested in studying

27
Q

What is a sample?

A

A subset of the population selected for the study

28
Q

What is random sampling?

A

Each member of the population is equally likely to be included in the experiment

29
Q

What is a representative sample

A

Possesses the important characteristics of the population in the same proportions

30
Q

What is reliability?

A

Whether the measure produces a consistent result

31
Q

What is validity

A

Whether it measures what it’s supposed to measure

32
Q

What are the three techniques to determine the reliability of a measure?

A

Test-retest reliability
Internal consistency
Inter-rater reliability

33
Q

What is the test retest reliability technique?

A

Whether the test gives similar values if the same participant takes it two or more times

34
Q

What is the internal consistency technique?

A

Different items that measure the same variable should produce similar answers and be consistent

35
Q

What is the inter rater reliability technique?

A

Two testers who rate the same person on the same variable should give similar ratings on the participant

36
Q

What it correlational coefficient?

A

Measures the strength of a relationship between 2 variables.

37
Q

What is a positive correlation?

A

People with high scores on one variable tend to have higher scores in the other

38
Q

What is a negative correlation?

A

People with high scores on one variable are likely to have low scores on the other variable

39
Q

What does it mean when there is no correlation?

A

A high score on one dimension predicts nothing about a persons score on the other dimension

40
Q

What are the basic elements of an experiment?

A

A hypothesis
Manipulation of independent variables (random assignment and holding all other variables constant)
Measurement of the dependent variable
Eliminating sources of bias/alternative explanations of results
Conclusion

41
Q

How does an experimenter hold other variables constant?

A

With an experimental group, control group or with random assignment

42
Q

What is an experimental group?

A

Exposed to the experimental conditions

43
Q

What is a control group?

A

They are not exposed to the experimental condition, but other treated identically to the experimental group

44
Q

What is random assignment?

A

Where participants are equal ally likely to be in either the control or experimental group

45
Q

What is participant bias?

A

The tendency for people who know they are participants on a study to behaved in a way other than they normally would. E.g. The Hawthorne effect

46
Q

What is self presentation?

A

The demand of characteristics and the placebo effect

47
Q

What is the demand of characteristics?

A

Participants respond in the way they think the experimenter wands them to respond

48
Q

What is the placebo effect?

A

Participants condition improves because they believe the procedures will help them.

49
Q

What is an experimenter bias?

A

The tendency of experimenters to let their expectancies alter the way they treat their participants.

50
Q

What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?

A

A false definition of a situation that evokes behaviour that, in turn, makes the false conception become true

51
Q

What is a single blind study?

A

A technique to control bias that either the experiment or participant is unaware of the purpose of the study

52
Q

What is a double blind study?

A

Where both the experimenter and the participant are blind to the purpose of the study

53
Q

What is in the code of ethics in psychological research?

A 
Informed consent
Maintain participant welfare
Voluntary participation 
Ensure confidentiality
Avoid deception
Fair and humane treatment of animals 
Gain appropriate ethics approval
54
Q

What is a theoretic framework?

A

Systematic way of organising and explaining observations

Hypothesis that flows from the theory or form an important question

55
Q

What is a standardised prosecute?

A

Procedure that is the same for all participants except where variation is introduced to test a hypothesis

56
Q

What is generalizabity?

A

Sample that is representative of the population.

procedure that is sensible and relevant to circumstances outside the laboratory

57
Q

What is an objective measurement?

A

Measures that are reliable (that produces consistent results)
Measures that are valid ( that assess the dimensions they purport to assess)

58
Q

What is psychological science for the scientist?

A

Understanding human and animal behaviour, thoughts and feelings

Pyb100 (11 decks)

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