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Pyb100 > 11. Attitudes and social cognition > Flashcards

11. Attitudes and social cognition Flashcards

1
Q

what are the levels of social behaviour>

A 
intra-individual processes (social cognition, attitude formation)
interpersonal processes (between individuals e.g. helping behaviours)
group processes (e.g. nations, ethic groups, interest groups, political groups)
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2
Q

attitude

A

association between an act or object and evaluation

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3
Q

what are the 3 components of attitude?

A

cognitive, emotional and behavioural

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4
Q

what are the different dimensions of attitude?

A

strength, implicitness, complexity, ambivalence, coherence

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5
Q

strength of attiude

A

durability and impact of an attitude. Made up of attitude importance and accessibility

measured by the stability of attitudes over time and as affected by other dimensions

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6
Q

strength - importance

A

personal relevance significance of an attitude for a particular person

measured by -> asking people how personally important their attitude is OR how concerned they are about something

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7
Q

strength - accessibility

A

ease with which an attitude comes to mind

measured by -> length of time it takes for people to report their attitude about something, OR by people’s reports of how often they discuss with something with friends and family OR how often they think about the object

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8
Q

implicitness of an attitude

A

degree to which we are aware of the attitude

sometimes so implicit they regulate behaviour unconsciously or automatically

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9
Q

complexity of attitude

A

degree of reasoning that forms the attitude

intricacy of thoughts about different attitudes is their cognitive complexity

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10
Q

ambivalence of attitudes

A

extends to which an attitude object is associated with conflicting feelings / conflicting evaluates responses (positive and negative)

low positive or negative = no impact on behaviour (dont care)
high positive or negative = impacts behaviour

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11
Q

coherence of attitude

A

extent to which an attitude (particularly cognitive and evaluative) is internally consistent
do e like things we believe have positive consequences for us?

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12
Q

what is the theory of planned behaviour?

A

behavioural beliefs = attitudes toward behaviour
normative beliefs = subjective norms
control beliefs = perceived behavioural control

all of ^^ together = intention which leads to behaviour

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13
Q

attitude toward the behaviour -

A

the degree to which performance of the behaviour is positive or negatively valued

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14
Q

behavioural belief

A

evaluation of the outcomes of performing the behaviour (e.g. costs or benefits of facebook?

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15
Q

what did the Yale Studies show?

A

conditions under which people are most likely to change their attitudes in response to persuasive messages.

manipulates aspects of a persuasive situation and looked at effects on attitude change in people

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16
Q
  1. communicator (yale)
A

message source

credibility (trust worthy)
attractiveness (looks)
likeable
powerful
similar to recipient
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17
Q
  1. message (yale)
A

fear = common tool

appeal to values

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18
Q
  1. channel (yale)
A

think about difference between TV, internet & radio

e.g photos of starving children

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19
Q
  1. contet (yale)
A

soft music in the background
smell of baking when buying house

attitude inoculation

20
Q

attitude inoculation

A

building up the receiver / audience resistance to a persuasive message by producing arguments for it OR to forearm against opposing messages

21
Q
  1. receiver / audience factors
A

strong attitude to begin with?

individual difference with regard to some people easier to persuade than others

22
Q

what is the elaboration likeihood model?

A

two routes through which receiver may process messages content

central rout and peripheral rout

23
Q

central rout (elaboration likelihood model)

A

message recipient highly attentive and processes information through careful thought and rational thinking

24
Q

peripheral rout (elaboration likelihood model)

A

bypasses rational process and appeals to other processes such as heart or stomach

25
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A

changes in behaviour often changes attitudes.
when behaviour is inconsistent with attitude or we receive information that is inconstant with out attitude experience cognitive dissonance - lead to attitudinal change

26
Q

dissonance

A

inconsistency between cognitions result in an aversive psychological state called dissonance

(i love chocolate v chocolate is damaging health)

27
Q

how to reduce dissonance?

A
  1. changing one of cognitions
  2. reducing the importance of one of the cognitions
  3. adding additional justifying cognitions
28
Q

what does reducing dissonance do?

A

changes attitudes

behaviour –> attitude

29
Q

schemas

A

our collection of terms of specific things; move away from fact and can be incorrect; how we try understand the world

mental structures that organise our knowledge about the social world (about people, ourselves, social roles, specific events?

30
Q

event schemas

A

associated with particular situation, they tell us waht to expect

31
Q

person schemas

A

knowledge of structures about specific people / types of people

stereotypes, implicit personality theories

32
Q

implicit personality theories

A

what characteristics go together to form a particular personality type

33
Q

self-schema

A

self-concept

future orientated schemas - what we would like to become

34
Q

prejudice

A

judging people based on stereotype

requires distinction between in-groups and out-groups

Jane-Elliot experiment (eye colour experiment)

35
Q

stereotype

A

characteristics attributed to people based upon their membership in groups

36
Q

social identity theory

A

social identity refers to the way that our group members affect our self-concept
Deriving a sense of self or identity fro membership of a particulat group

37
Q

why does categorisation produce bias?

A

we have personal and social identities
we have fundamental need to feel good about ourselves
we are motivated to think our group is better than other groups
so we display in-group preferential behaviour to increase the positivity of the intergroup comparison

38
Q

how do reduce bias and hostility?

A

contact between groups and finding common ground (common goals, interests)

39
Q

attributions

A

process of inferring the causes of one’s own and other’s mental states and behaviour
attribution process is deciding if behaviour is internally or externally caused

internal and external causes
stable and unstable cuases

40
Q

what are attribution style

A

some of us have more of a tendency to attribute behaviours / experiences in a particular way. It is a person’s habitual manner of assigning causes to behaviours or events

41
Q

fundamental attribution error (or correspondence bias)

A

tendency to attribute another person’s behaviour to his r her own dispositional qualities, rather than to the situation.

Development of negative stereotypes of disadvantaged groups

42
Q

Actor-observer Bias

A

tendency to attribute our own behaviour to external factors and others’ behaviours to dispositional causes

43
Q

why does actor-observer bias occur?

A

posses more information about ourselves than others (distinctiveness and consistency info)

in considering our own behaviour, focus is on the external environment not ourselves

44
Q

self-serving bias

A

tendency for attributes success to stable internal factors and failures to temporary external factors

45
Q

why does self-serving bias occur

A

self-presentation (make us look better than others)

enhance self-esteem (make us feel better about ourselves)

Pyb100 (11 decks)

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