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Pyb100 > 12 / 13. Psychopathy > Flashcards

12 / 13. Psychopathy Flashcards

1
Q

what is psychopathy in relation to culture?

A

types of mental illness as a function of culture
differential categorisation of mental illness
concept of abnormal behaviour and functioning can depend on the cultural context

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2
Q

what is the labelling theory?

A

diagnosis of a mental illness is a way of stigmatising people who society deem as deviant

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3
Q

what is the barriers of the labelling theory?

A

not beneficial as people are dehumanised and become patients wherein many subsequent behaviours are related back to their diagnosis illness

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4
Q

what are the benefits of the labelling theory?

A

a diagnosis can really help people understand or put a name to what they may have been feeling of experiencing

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5
Q

mental health

A

capacity of individuals to behave in a way that promote their emotions and social well-being

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6
Q

what are the 3 domains of the labelling theory?

A

cross cultural illnesses (schizophrenia (Sz), depression)
problems with labelling but diagnosis may result in treatment and research knowledge
neurological evidence of illness like Sz

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7
Q

mental health problems

A

wide range of behavioural and emotional abnormalities that affect people throughout their lives

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8
Q

mental disorder

A

a clinically recognisable set of symptoms and behaviours that cause distress to the individual and impair their ability to function as usual

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9
Q

what is the diagnostic and statistical manual

A

Used in Australia and USA

descriptive diagnosis - classified terms of clinical syndromes and clusters of syptoms

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10
Q

what is the latest diagnostic and statistical manual?

A

DSM-V 2013

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11
Q

what diagnostic statistical manual does England use?

A

ICD-10

Diagnosis on a scale/contiuum

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12
Q

what diagnostic statistical manual does Australia work from?

A

DSM

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13
Q

what are the characteristics of a DSM?

A

revolution on psychiatric nosology with the co-clustering of symptoms
early versions very dissimilar - now similar
produced by a single national professional association (APA)
produced primarily my US psychiatrists
Approved by APA
generates a very substantial portion of APA’s revenue, not only from sales of the bool, but also from related products and copyright permissions

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14
Q

what are the characteristics of the ICD?

A 
function of, and ratified by the WHO - less information that DSM
produced by global health agency (WHO) with constitutional public health mission
WHO-Focus help reduce burden of mental disorders- ICD = global multidisciplinary and multilingual
approved by World Health Assembly = health ministers from 193 countries 
distributed broadly at a very low cost, with discounts to love income countries, free on internew
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15
Q

when was homosexuality removed from the DSM and why?

A

1973

used to be a diagnosable disorder of secual deviance

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16
Q

what is the most recent controversy about the DSM?

A

putting autism, asperger’s and pervasive developmental disorders all on the one scale of ASD (autism spectrum disorder)

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17
Q

what are the 4 theoretical approaches to psychopathy?

A

psychodynamic
cognitive-behavioural
biological systems
evolutionary

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18
Q

psychodynamic

A

3 broad classes of psychopathology = neuroses, personality disorders, psychoses

e.g. anxiety as a result of unconscious conflicts among an individual desires and fears

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19
Q

cognitive-behavioural

A

integrates classical and operant conditioning with cognitive-social approach

e. g. thoguhts that precede a panic attack, so assessment of the context or which thoughts trigger an aversive psychological reaction
e. g. anxiety, substance use disorders

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20
Q

other approaches

A

repression, denial, sublimation

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21
Q

repression

A

unconscious mechanisms employed by the ego to keep disturbing or threatening thoughts from becoming conscious

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22
Q

denial

A

blocking external events from awareness. If some situation is just too much to handle, the person refuses to experience it

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23
Q

sublimitation

A

similar displacement but in a positive defence way. Actively substituting / making something positive out of a negative way

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24
Q

what are the possible outcomes of repression?

A

leads to depression because the memory is too painful to deal with

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25
Q

what are the possible outcomes of denial

A

leads to depression because of one denies something is happening - the sad reality is still there and felt unconsciously

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26
Q

what are the possible outcomes of sublimitation

A

leads to OCD - combat negative feelings by doing something enjoyable, but instead of dealing with source of the behaviour is repeared

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27
Q

id

A

unconscious mind

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28
Q

suer ego

A

higher moral compass controlling the id

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29
Q

ego

A

organised; conscious mind - mediates between desires of the Id & control of the Super-Ego

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30
Q

nosology

A

the branch of medical science dealing with the classification of diseases

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31
Q

biological approach

A

cause determined from brain’s circuitry, such as neurotransmitter imbalances, brain structure deformities or neural pathways impacting upon behaviours etc. so move from mental to physiological level

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32
Q

diathesis-stress model

A

evidence of genetic contribution - so genetic propensity and then environmental triggers (such as hostile family communication, birth complications, intra-uterine development of nervous system of drug use)

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33
Q

what is an example of the biological approach

A

the diathesis-stress model

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34
Q

what is involved in the system theory

A

family functioning
cultural construct
what role our social groups play

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35
Q

evolutionary approach

A

psychopathy not comprehensively explained in other approaches, and its counterintuitive as mental illness is often maladaptive, but can be useful to think about

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36
Q

what are the three ways the evolutionary perspective explains

A

natural selection
emerging knowledge
interplay of genes and envirnment

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37
Q

natural selection

A

examples is where anxiety is an evolutionary mechanism gone askew - fear can be our protector against enemies / predators

but if maladaptive - often person is socially isolated and have less chance of reproducing [But many generations have evolved with mental illness so undermines this approach]

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38
Q

emerging knowledge

A

role of genes

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39
Q

interplay of genes and environment

A

normal processes go awry because of abnormal circumstances - fear is a protector but if faced with trauma a person may become preoccupied with fear and less functioning

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40
Q

what are the three classifications of disorders?

A

schizophrenic disorders - disorderd thinking
depressive disorders - disturbances in emotion and mood
anxiety disorders - anxiety states - intense fear - internal alarm bell that warns perceived potential danger

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41
Q

how are schizophrenia spectrum and psychotic disorders characterised?

A

loss of contact with reality
marked disturbances of thought (delusions)
marked disturbances of perception (hallucinations)
disorganised thinking
abnormal motor behaviours

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42
Q

what do schizophrenia spectrum and psychotic disorders include?

A

delusional disorders
belief psychotic disorder
schizophreniform disorder - Sz symptoms but for

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43
Q

what are the negative (something missing or absent) symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

flat affect . blunted emotional responses
lack of motivation (avolition)
socially inappropriate behaviour
withdrawal from relationships
peculiar/withdrawn interpersonal behaviour
sometimes intellectual impairment

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44
Q

what are positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A

delusions
hallucinations
loosening of associations

45
Q

delusions

A

false beliefs firmly help despite evidence to the contrary

unfortunate often persecutory delusions - someone out to get me

46
Q

hallucinations

A

perceptual experiences that distort or occur without external stimuli
e.g. auditory hallucinations - most common (hearing voices)
visual hallucinations - distortions of reality or complete new perception

47
Q

loosening of associations

A

not controlled or logical thought… one thought leads to another –> disorganised speech

48
Q

dopamine (DA) & Glutamate model

A

perceptual increased amphetamine use –> DA00 > Psychosis
antipsychotics –> decrease DA in the brain (positive Sz)
different neural circuits –> different clusters of symptoms (e.g. negative symptoms BUT it is all due to glucamate?
recent evidence about PCP or angle dust which alters glutamate levels produces positive and negative symptoms

49
Q

what are the complications of schizphrenia

A

often lack of insight
sometimes reluctance to take medication
social withdrawal (sometimes quite expert at hiding symptoms)

50
Q

bipolar

A

episodes of mania/maniac AND OR episodes of depressive mood

experience both poles of depression and mania

51
Q

episode of mania / maniac

A

feelings of excessive happiness or euphoria
inflated sense of self = a belief that one can do anything - can result in people taking risks - such as unrealistic ventures on a grandiose scale

52
Q

episodes of depressive mood

A

persistent or severe feelings of sadness and hopelessness

53
Q

unipolar

A

major depressive disorder
depressed mood
loss of interest in pleasurable activities
disturbances i appetite, sleep, energy levels and concentration

54
Q

what is anhedonia

A

loss of interest in pleasurable activities

55
Q

dysthymia or persistent depressive disorder

A

less severe type of depression
chronic low level depression lasting more than 2 years with intervals of normal mood that never last more than a few weeks or months
effect on functioning more subtle (e.g. deminished self confidence)
can be punctuated with episodes of major depressive episodes

56
Q

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

A

depressed mood as a result of lack of sunlight in winter
mood and behavioural changes with season change
treatment with high-intensity fluorescent light
1/4 townsville residents have this

57
Q

what are the genetic factors of bipolar?

A

high heritability - biological predisposition
e.g. 80-90% people with bipolar have a family history of mood disorder

neural transmission 5-HT and norepinephrine - involved in capacity to be aroused or energised

58
Q

bipolar influence of cognitive aspects

A

dysfunctional patterns of thinking - cognitive disorders
learned helplessness
pessimistic explanatory style
cognitive content + the way that information is processed
negative triad

59
Q

anxiety disorders

A

contemplation of new DSM V category was Mixed Depression Anxiety
highlights the comorbidity - or how often depression is associated with anxiety disorders
women have higher rates than men

60
Q

OCD

A

not categorised under anxiety disorders but are a range oh disorders where often the person has / carries out unwanted obsession and compulsions to alleviate feelings of anxiety

61
Q

what are examples of anxiety disorders?

A 
phobias
panic disorder
agoraphobia
social anxiety disorder
generalised anxiety disorder
62
Q

phobias

A

irrational fear

63
Q

panic disorder

A

attacks of intense fear and impending doom

64
Q

agoraphobia

A

fear of being in places / situations from which escape might be difficult (e.g. crowded grocery store, festivals)

can be triggered from having panic attach and wanting to avoid another one

65
Q

social anxiety disorder

A

fear of ‘performing’ in a social situation or performance (e.g. public speaking meetings, casual social events)

66
Q

generalised Anxiety disorder

A

persistent anxiety at a moderate but disturbing level

excessive and unrealistic worry about life circumstances

67
Q

panic attacks - physiological systems

A 
shortness of breath
dizziness
heart palpitations
trembling
chest pains
68
Q

panic attacks psychological

A

fear of dying or going crazy

69
Q

when and who was responsible for psychotherapy

A

19th century and Freud

70
Q

what does psychotherapy focus on

A

insight and therapeutic alliance

71
Q

insight

A

therapeutic change needs an understanding of one’s internal workings of the mind

72
Q

therapeutic alliance

A

the degree of comfort that the client has with the therapist in order to disclose personal information

73
Q

what are the 3 main therapies

A

free association
interpretation
transference

74
Q

free association

A

attempt to make the unconscious conscious - investigation of fears and desires –> flow of the Id - say whatever comes to mind

75
Q

interpretation

A

explaining the meaning of the client behaviours n dreams, unconscious and conscious behaviours etc - therapist helps the translate and help the client understanding an make sense of their life

76
Q

transference

A

client reacts to therapist as though they were significant others (so positive or negative feelings - cathartic release)

77
Q

what are the 2 main types of psychodynamic treatment

A

psychoanalysis
psychodynamic psychotherapy

both address repetitive interpersonal patterns or difficulties

78
Q

psychoanalsis

A

patient on couch, therapist behind so that the patient doesnt have to look

3-5 times per week for several days

79
Q

psychodynamic psychoterapy

A

still exploration of the unconscious, but therapist & patient sit opposite each other without the couch

1-3 times a week for several years

80
Q

cognitive behavioural therapies

A

short term
more directive
behavioural analysis
stimuli + thought = symptom (unwanted behaviours / feelings)
i.e. what are the antecedents to the behaviour

81
Q

what is the process of the cognitive behavioural therapies?

A 
Activating event
beliefs
consequences
disputations of beliefs
effective new beliefs
82
Q

activating event

A

something happens to your or in the environment around you

e.g. a work colleague walks past and doesn’t say

83
Q

beliefs

A

you are a belief or interpretations regarding the activating event
e.g. you think “Oh no, why didnt she talk to me? I have just upset her. maybe she doesnt like me?”

84
Q

consequences

A

your belief has consequences that infuse feelings and behaviours

e.g. you feel awful - lonely, anxious and sad. YOu avoid that person for the next day or two ruminating why you were ignored

85
Q

disputations of beliefs

A

challenge your belief to create new consequences

e.g. “there could be a lot of reasons why she walked past. Am i assuming the worst? maybe she was busy?”

86
Q

Effective new beliefs

A

adoption and moderation of new adaptive beliefs

e.g. “assuming the worst isnt helpful” “I hope that person is okay” “I can go and check later if she is okay”

reality checking, social skills

87
Q

what is the behavioural aspect of the cognitive behavioural therapy?

A

systematic desensitisation
exposure therapy
modelling and skill training
mindfulness

88
Q

treatment for panic attacks?

A

psychoeducation
behavioural
cognitive

89
Q

psychoeducation

A

increases awareness
what happens during attack
investigations of triggers (if any)

90
Q

behavioural treatment for panick attacks

A

deep breathing techniques
pratctice of techniques
exposure to hear racing experiences

91
Q

cognitive treatment for panick attacks

A

refuting of thoughts about dying

92
Q

what are the aims of humanistic therapies

A

reducing mechanistic and dehumanising aspects of therapy

helps people get in touch with their feelings - their true selves - and with a sense of meaning in their lives

93
Q

what are the 2 main therapy types for the humanistic perspective?

A

gestalt

client-centerred

94
Q

gestalt therapy

A

focuses on here and now
what is someone experiencing
empathy chair technique

95
Q

client-centreted therapy

A

think abut psychodynamic and CBT
psychodynamic - the therapist itnerprets someone’s life for them and are needed to do so on a regular basis

people seek assistance when life problems occur. These life problems occur when someone’s concept of self is incongruent with their actual experience

96
Q

CBT

A

cognitive behavioural therapy

the therapist can assess and diagnosis and are quire directive

97
Q

Carl Rogers OR Rogerian approach

A

rejected disease model - “patients” - people come seeking therapy to solve problems not cures for disorders
innate actualising tendencies is interrupted by –> external conditions of worth - standard were have placed on us by others in order to achieve positive regard
problems arise because of a tension between who we are and who we want to be
unconditional positive regard is key to therapeutic change

98
Q

narrative therapy

A

tries to have less power imbalances (client has power not expert)
uses externalising techniques
externalising

99
Q

externalising

A

separating the person from identifying with the problem

100
Q

process of narrative therapy

A
  1. therapist invites the person to tell the dominant story
  2. naming and externalising
  3. exploration / mapping of an alternative story
  4. thickening the alternative story
101
Q

eclectic approach

A

incorporates a variety of therapeutic principles and philosophies -> ideal treatment to meed the specific needs of the client

102
Q

integrative or holistic therapy

A

many therapists dont tie themselves to anyone appraoch, instead they blend elements from different appraches ->

integrative stranger theoretical basis to choosing the therapy

103
Q

biological treatment

A

treatment to alter the functioning of the brain

targets psychological disorder as a pathology of the brain

104
Q

what do biological treatments include?

A

psychotropic medications
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
psychosurgery

105
Q

psychotropic medication

A

drugs that act on the brain to affect mental processes

106
Q

personality disorders

A

chronic, severe disturbances that substantially impair ability to love or work

107
Q

neuroses

A

enduring problems in life that cause distress or dysfunction

108
Q

psychoses

A

gross disturbances involving a loss of tough with reality

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