3. Learning Flashcards
What perspective is learning an issue of?
Behaviourist perspective
What is the key issue of learning?
It cannot be observed directly as it is inferred from behaviour that is observed.
What is classical conditioning?
The association of a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that leads to a reflective response. All responses are reflects or automatic responses - involuntary
Who was responsible for classical conditioning?
Pavlov
What did the little Albert experiment show?
That emotional responses such as phobias can be learned
What is generalisation of a stimuli?
When the organism responds to similar stimulus
What is discrimination of a stimulus?
When the organism doesn’t respond to a dissimilar stimulus.
What is extinction in classical conditioning?
The weakening of the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus.
It is not an unlearning of the conditional response. It is a learned inhibition
Important for treatment of phobias
WhAt is biological preparedness on classical conditioning?
How some stimuli & responses are more likely to be conditioned than others
What is operant conditioning?
The learning of a new association between behaviour and its consequences. The learning through reinforcement and punishment
conditioning operants (behaviours) to occur more or less frequently
What is the law of effect?
The behaviour is controlled by its consequences
Behaviour that result in pleasant consequences - reinforcement - more likely in future
Behaviour that result in unpleasant consequences - punishment - will be less likely in the future
What is the difference between operant and classical conditioning?
Classical is what happens before is the most important. Operant is what happens after or as a consequence is more important
What is a positive reinforcement?
Applying a stimulus that results in an increased frequency of a desired behaviour.
What is a negative reinforcement ?
Taking away a stimulus that results in an increase of the frequency of a desired behaviour
What is positive punishment ?
Applying a stimulus that decreases the frequency of an undesired behaviour
What is a negative punishment?
Taking away a stimulus to decrease the frequency of an undeserved behaviour
What are the limitations of punishment for a child?
Demonstrates what is wrong but now what to do instead
Physical punishment can injur or kill
Can lead to imitation of punisher - aggression
Reduces self esteem, damages interpersonal relations
What are limitations for punishment for the parent?
Punishing behaviour is reinforced by compliance
Increased use of punishment in future
What are alternatives to punishment?
Extinction - planned ignoring
Response cost- time out. Quiet time. Withdrawn of privileges.
What is the cognitive social theory?
Where behaviourism and cognition and social learning come together. It argues that we form expectancies about the consequences of behaviour
What is a cognitive map?
Mental representations and images
What is latent learning?
Learning that has occurred but is not manifest in behaviour
What is observational learning?
Learning my observing the behaviour of others (models)
What is the locus of control?
The expectancy of whether or not date determines outcomes in life.
what is an internal locus?
Believe that their actions detentions their fate. Outcomes are determined by ones behaviour, hard work, attitudes and decisions
What is th external locus
The belief that their lives are governed by forces outside their control. Outcomes are independent of ones behaviour, determined by external events and forces
What is learned helplessness?
The expectancy that on cannot escape aversive events. (Semifinal 1875)
What is the definition of learning?
Any enduring Chance in the way an organism responds, based on its experiences
acquisition
the initial stage of connection between a stimuli with an emotional response
