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Pyb100 > 3. Learning > Flashcards

3. Learning Flashcards

1
Q

What perspective is learning an issue of?

A

Behaviourist perspective

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2
Q

What is the key issue of learning?

A

It cannot be observed directly as it is inferred from behaviour that is observed.

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3
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

The association of a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that leads to a reflective response. All responses are reflects or automatic responses - involuntary

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4
Q

Who was responsible for classical conditioning?

A

Pavlov

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5
Q

What did the little Albert experiment show?

A

That emotional responses such as phobias can be learned

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6
Q

What is generalisation of a stimuli?

A

When the organism responds to similar stimulus

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7
Q

What is discrimination of a stimulus?

A

When the organism doesn’t respond to a dissimilar stimulus.

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8
Q

What is extinction in classical conditioning?

A

The weakening of the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

It is not an unlearning of the conditional response. It is a learned inhibition

Important for treatment of phobias

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9
Q

WhAt is biological preparedness on classical conditioning?

A

How some stimuli & responses are more likely to be conditioned than others

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10
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

The learning of a new association between behaviour and its consequences. The learning through reinforcement and punishment

conditioning operants (behaviours) to occur more or less frequently

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11
Q

What is the law of effect?

A

The behaviour is controlled by its consequences
Behaviour that result in pleasant consequences - reinforcement - more likely in future
Behaviour that result in unpleasant consequences - punishment - will be less likely in the future

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12
Q

What is the difference between operant and classical conditioning?

A

Classical is what happens before is the most important. Operant is what happens after or as a consequence is more important

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13
Q

What is a positive reinforcement?

A

Applying a stimulus that results in an increased frequency of a desired behaviour.

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14
Q

What is a negative reinforcement ?

A

Taking away a stimulus that results in an increase of the frequency of a desired behaviour

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15
Q

What is positive punishment ?

A

Applying a stimulus that decreases the frequency of an undesired behaviour

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16
Q

What is a negative punishment?

A

Taking away a stimulus to decrease the frequency of an undeserved behaviour

17
Q

What are the limitations of punishment for a child?

A

Demonstrates what is wrong but now what to do instead

Physical punishment can injur or kill

Can lead to imitation of punisher - aggression

Reduces self esteem, damages interpersonal relations

18
Q

What are limitations for punishment for the parent?

A

Punishing behaviour is reinforced by compliance

Increased use of punishment in future

19
Q

What are alternatives to punishment?

A

Extinction - planned ignoring

Response cost- time out. Quiet time. Withdrawn of privileges.

20
Q

What is the cognitive social theory?

A

Where behaviourism and cognition and social learning come together. It argues that we form expectancies about the consequences of behaviour

21
Q

What is a cognitive map?

A

Mental representations and images

22
Q

What is latent learning?

A

Learning that has occurred but is not manifest in behaviour

23
Q

What is observational learning?

A

Learning my observing the behaviour of others (models)

24
Q

What is the locus of control?

A

The expectancy of whether or not date determines outcomes in life.

25
Q

what is an internal locus?

A

Believe that their actions detentions their fate. Outcomes are determined by ones behaviour, hard work, attitudes and decisions

26
Q

What is th external locus

A

The belief that their lives are governed by forces outside their control. Outcomes are independent of ones behaviour, determined by external events and forces

27
Q

What is learned helplessness?

A

The expectancy that on cannot escape aversive events. (Semifinal 1875)

28
Q

What is the definition of learning?

A

Any enduring Chance in the way an organism responds, based on its experiences

29
Q

acquisition

A

the initial stage of connection between a stimuli with an emotional response

Pyb100 (11 decks)

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