8. Nervous system 2 Flashcards
brain atrophy starts earlier in men/women but is more rapid in men/women once it has started
men; women
which is the most affected region of neuronal cell death with aging? what are the functions of it?
prefrontal cortex; execution, attention, memory
thermoregulatory mechanisms become more/less responsive with age
less
among decline in declarative, episodic and recognition memory, which is the most common with aging?
episodic
what neurotransmitter does exercise provide you with that will restructure your brain’s reward system?
dopamine
can people who have been long paralyzed due to spinal cord injury or stroke restore motor function and enhance motor recovery from intensive exercise?
yes
which brain structures are related to balance? name 4
cerebellum, basal ganglia, thalamus, hippocampus
what is Star Excursion balance test (SEBT)?
test a person’s postural control system; maintain a base of support with one leg while maximally reaching in different directions with the opposite leg
what is the term for the sensation of body position and movement?
proprioception
where are proprioceptors located?
muscles, tendons, and joints
how many types of joint mechanoreceptors are there? what are they?
3…type I: outer layers of joint capsule; type II: deeper layers of joint capsule; type III: ligaments and terminal regions of tendons near joint capsule
Proprioception is largely subconscious. T or F
T
what are the three types of proprioceptors?
Muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, joint receptors
what are the differences between muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs?
1) muscle spindles sense muscle stretch and cause muscle contraction
2) golgi tendon organs sense tendon stretch and cause muscle inhibition
what is the purpose of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF)?
evoke motor responses and improve neuromuscular control and function through stimulation of proprioceptors
what are the patterns of movement associated with PNF?
multijoint, multiplanar (sagittal, frontal and transverse), diagonal, rotational movements
how many pairs of diagonal patterns for upper and lower extremities
2; D1 and D2
a disorder of movement, muscle tone or posture that is caused by damage that occurs to the immature, developing brain
Cerebral palsy
what may be a valuable measure of disability for children with cerebral palsy?
gait speed
what causes carpal tunnel syndrome?
compression and ischaemia of median nerve
how many stages are there in a sleep cycle? how long is each cycle and how many cycles during the night?
stage 1-4 and REM sleep; light sleep = stage 1 and 2; deep sleep = stage 3 and 4; paradoxical sleep = REM sleep. each cycle lasts for 100minutes and 4-5 cycles during the night
dreams are totally irrational or incongruent. T or F
F…..only rarely
REM sleep dreaming has been associated with relative deactivation of _______ networks and ______ areas
execution; frontal
what is the difference between counselling and psychotherapy?
former can be used with relatively “normal” individuals, latter may involve more deep-seated issues and is usually a longer term process….but hard to differentiate in practise
what are the kinds of counselling and psychotherapy?
cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), mindfulness-based interventions, acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), NLP(?), hypnosis(?)
what are the effects of cognitive and meditative therapies (CMT)?
increased activation of prefrontal cortex (PFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), reduced activation of thalamus
under hypnotic conditions, which areas of the brain are involved?
cortical (anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortices) and subcortical (basal ganglia and thalamus)
fine details of representational systems
submodalities
fine details of representational systems
submodalities
how does our nervous system encode meaning
use submodalities
Changing submodalities is effective and powerful in changing the meaning of an experience. E.g. increase our sense of control over “controlled variables” and lessen the negative impact of “uncontrolled variables”. T or F
T
