8. Nervous system 2 Flashcards

1
Q

brain atrophy starts earlier in men/women but is more rapid in men/women once it has started

A

men; women

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2
Q

which is the most affected region of neuronal cell death with aging? what are the functions of it?

A

prefrontal cortex; execution, attention, memory

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3
Q

thermoregulatory mechanisms become more/less responsive with age

A

less

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4
Q

among decline in declarative, episodic and recognition memory, which is the most common with aging?

A

episodic

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5
Q

what neurotransmitter does exercise provide you with that will restructure your brain’s reward system?

A

dopamine

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6
Q

can people who have been long paralyzed due to spinal cord injury or stroke restore motor function and enhance motor recovery from intensive exercise?

A

yes

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7
Q

which brain structures are related to balance? name 4

A

cerebellum, basal ganglia, thalamus, hippocampus

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8
Q

what is Star Excursion balance test (SEBT)?

A

test a person’s postural control system; maintain a base of support with one leg while maximally reaching in different directions with the opposite leg

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9
Q

what is the term for the sensation of body position and movement?

A

proprioception

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10
Q

where are proprioceptors located?

A

muscles, tendons, and joints

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11
Q

how many types of joint mechanoreceptors are there? what are they?

A

3…type I: outer layers of joint capsule; type II: deeper layers of joint capsule; type III: ligaments and terminal regions of tendons near joint capsule

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12
Q

Proprioception is largely subconscious. T or F

A

T

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13
Q

what are the three types of proprioceptors?

A

Muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, joint receptors

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14
Q

what are the differences between muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs?

A

1) muscle spindles sense muscle stretch and cause muscle contraction
2) golgi tendon organs sense tendon stretch and cause muscle inhibition

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15
Q

what is the purpose of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF)?

A

evoke motor responses and improve neuromuscular control and function through stimulation of proprioceptors

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16
Q

what are the patterns of movement associated with PNF?

A

multijoint, multiplanar (sagittal, frontal and transverse), diagonal, rotational movements

17
Q

how many pairs of diagonal patterns for upper and lower extremities

A

2; D1 and D2

18
Q

a disorder of movement, muscle tone or posture that is caused by damage that occurs to the immature, developing brain

A

Cerebral palsy

19
Q

what may be a valuable measure of disability for children with cerebral palsy?

A

gait speed

20
Q

what causes carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

compression and ischaemia of median nerve

21
Q

how many stages are there in a sleep cycle? how long is each cycle and how many cycles during the night?

A

stage 1-4 and REM sleep; light sleep = stage 1 and 2; deep sleep = stage 3 and 4; paradoxical sleep = REM sleep. each cycle lasts for 100minutes and 4-5 cycles during the night

22
Q

dreams are totally irrational or incongruent. T or F

A

F…..only rarely

23
Q

REM sleep dreaming has been associated with relative deactivation of _______ networks and ______ areas

A

execution; frontal

24
Q

what is the difference between counselling and psychotherapy?

A

former can be used with relatively “normal” individuals, latter may involve more deep-seated issues and is usually a longer term process….but hard to differentiate in practise

25
what are the kinds of counselling and psychotherapy?
cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), mindfulness-based interventions, acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), NLP(?), hypnosis(?)
26
what are the effects of cognitive and meditative therapies (CMT)?
increased activation of prefrontal cortex (PFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), reduced activation of thalamus
27
under hypnotic conditions, which areas of the brain are involved?
cortical (anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortices) and subcortical (basal ganglia and thalamus)
28
fine details of representational systems
submodalities
28
fine details of representational systems
submodalities
29
how does our nervous system encode meaning
use submodalities
30
Changing submodalities is effective and powerful in changing the meaning of an experience. E.g. increase our sense of control over "controlled variables" and lessen the negative impact of "uncontrolled variables". T or F
T