4. Anatomy of upper limb

Question 1

how many true joints in the shoulder girdle? what are they and what type of joint are they?

Answer 1

3….glenohumeral joint (ball-and-socket joint; most important for shoulder motion), acromioclavicular joint (gliding joint), sternoclavicular joint (saddle joint)…..there is actually a fourth “joint” but not a true synovial joint called scapulothoracic joint

Question 2

what are the origins of clavicular (anterior), acromial (middle), and scapular spinal (posterior) parts of the deltoid muscle?

Answer 2

clavicular (anterior): anterior border and superior surface of lateral third of clavicle
acromial (middle): lateral border and superior surface of acromion of scapula
scapular spinal (posterior): lateral third of scapular spine

Question 3

the clavicular, acromial, and scapular spinal part of deltoid muscle is responsible for what shoulder movement at the glenohumeral joint?

Answer 3

clavicular: shoulder flexion (together with pec major) and internal rotation
acromial: shoulder abduction only when the arm is already abducted beyond 15 degrees….initial abduction produced by supraspinatus
scapular spinal: shoulder extension (together with lat dorsi) and external rotation

Question 4

most shoulder dislocations occur in what direction? as a result of forceful abduction/adduction and internal/external rotation?

Answer 4

anterior and inferior; abduction and external rotation

Question 5

what are the four rotator cuff muscles? what shoulder movement are they responsible for? which two are commonly injured?

Answer 5

supraspinatus (abduction), infraspinatus (external rotation), teres minor (external rotation), subscapularis (internal rotation)….supraspinatus and infraspinatus most commonly injured

Question 6

what are the symptoms of frozen shoulder? most of frozen shoulder patients are female/male? females/males with frozen shoulder are at greater risk for longer recovery and greater disability?

Answer 6

shoulder pain and stiffness….female……males

Question 7

what are the rehab exercises for frozen shoulder?

Answer 7

stretching of deltoid and rotator cuff muscles as initial exercise, strengthening of rotator cuff muscles at first then deltoid, may also deal with kyphosis and round shoulder by stretching pec major and biceps (why biceps? because its origin involve scapula; bicep tightness may cause deviation in scapula)

Question 8

clavicle fracture mostly occur at which part of the clavicle?

Answer 8

midshaft (middle third) of clavicle usually due to indirect impact

Question 9

how many tricep heads are there? what are they and their origins?

Answer 9

3…long/medial/lateral head
long origin: infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
medial origin: lower half posterior humerus, covered by long and lateral head and thus less visible
lateral origin: upper half posterior humerus

Question 10

the three tricep heads converge to how many tendon? and insert into which bone?

Answer 10

a single tendon…..posterior olecranon process of ulna

Question 11

what is the primary function of triceps brachii

Answer 11

elbow extension

Question 12

which tricep head is always active during elbow extension?

Answer 12

medial head

Question 13

which head cross over the shoulder joint? what shoulder movement is it involved with?

Answer 13

long head….shoulder extension and adduction

Question 14

which tricep head makes up the majority of triceps and has the most potential for growth?

Answer 14

long head

Question 15

Cable pushdowns (when using a rope) involved greater medial/lateral/long head?

Answer 15

medial

Question 16

which exercises train the long head specifically?

Answer 16

incline dumbbell triceps kickback

incline dumbbell overhead extension

Question 17

how many bicep brachii heads are there? what are their origins and insertion?

Answer 17

2…long head (origin: supraglenoid tubercle above glenoid cavity of scapula; the long tendon continues in the bicipital groove aka intertubercular sulcus) and short head (origin: coracoid process of scapula)….both insert into radial tuberosity of radius….long head is more lateral than short head

Question 18

what are the functions of biceps brachii?

Answer 18

flexion and supination of forearm at elbow joint, weakly assist in shoulder flexion at glenohumeral joint

Question 19

what is the origin, insertion and function of brachialis?

Answer 19

origin: distal half of anterior surface of humerus
insertion: coronoid process of ulna
function: elbow flexion

Question 20

where is brachioradialis located and what is its function

Answer 20

lateral part of posterior forearm; flex elbow when forearm is semi-pronated

Question 21

what is the prime muscle for wrist extension? what wrist movement does it involve?

Answer 21

extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB); wrist extension and abduction

Question 22

which of my wrist flexor muscle was injured? what wrist movement does it involve?

Answer 22

flexor carpi ulnaris; wrist flexion and adduction

Question 23

what is the origin of wrist extensors? how about wrist flexors?

Answer 23

lateral epicondyle of humerus; medial epicondyle

Question 24

tennis elbow and golfer’s elbow are related to lateral/medial epicondylitis?

Answer 24

tennis elbow: lateral epicondylitis

golfer’s elbow: medial epicondylitis

Question 25

Tennis elbow is a/an ________ associated with the origin of ECRB

Answer 25

enthesopathy

Question 26

how many bones are there in each human hand? and how are they classified?

Answer 26

27 bones….14 phalanges, 5 metacarpal bones, 8 carpal bones

Question 27

which hand bone is most commonly injured for boxers?

Answer 27

5th metacarpal