10. Respiratory system Flashcards
anatomically how is respiratory tract is divided? Which organs belong to which?
divided into upper and lower respiratory tract…upper includes nose, pharynx, larynx….lower includes trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar duct, alveoli
functionally how is the respiratory system separated? what is the function of each?
separated into two zones; conducting zones (nose to bronchioles) form a path for conduction of inhaled gases; respiratory zone (alveolar duct to alveoli) where gas exchange occurs
Pharynx is a tube-like passage that connects the posterior nasal and oral cavities to _____ and _____. It is separated into ____pharynx, ___pharynx and _______pharynx
larynx and oesophagus; naso, oro, laryngo
_____ is an inferior continuation of oropharynx. It extends from _____. It is commonly called the ____ box. why is it important?
larynx; epiglottis; voice; its important for breathing, vocalizing, prevent food getting stuck in trachea and cause choking
Larynx is separated into which three sections?
supraglottic, glottis, infraglottic
what are the two sets of vocal cords? how to produce falsetto?
vocal ligaments and vocal muscles; by relaxing muscles and vibrating ligaments
Trachea extends from ____ (the level of ____) to ____ (the level of ____)
cricoid cartilage; C6; carina; T4-5
the posterior tracheal wall lacks ___ and is supported by ______
cartilage; trachealis muscle
what is the angle of tracheal bifurcation called?
carinal angle
the trachea divides at ___ into right and left main bronchus
carina
main bronchus divides into ____ bronchi, which then divides into _____ bronchi. The bronchi continue to divide into smaller and smaller bronchi up to ____ generations of divisions from main bronchus
lobar; segmental; 23
How to distinguish bronchi and bronchioles?
no cartilaginous support, no cilia and mucous producing cells
what is vital capacity? what is residual volume?
volume change of lung between full inspiration and maximal expiration; volume remaining in lungs after vital capacity breath to keep the lungs from collapsing
what is tidal volume?
volume of air that is inspired or expired in a single breath during regular breathing
what is minute ventilation?
total volume of gas in liters expelled from lungs per minute
what is the movement of inspired gas into and exhaled gas out of lung called?
ventilation
what is the normal volume of alveolar ventilation? similar to volume of blood flowing through lung
5 liters/min
in normal healthy individuals, physiological dead space = anatomical dead space. what might increase physiological dead space?
pulmonary embolism (blockage in one of the pulmonary arteries in your lungs)/pulmonary fibrosis(lung disease that occurs when lung tissue becomes damaged and scarred)/pulmonary edema (condition caused by excess fluid in the lungs)
what will happen to tidal volume , respiratory rate, respiratory muscle mass, elastic recoil and ventilation/perfusion matching with aging?
lower tidal volume, higher respiratory rate, reduced respiratory muscle mass, reduced elastic recoil, diminished ventilation/perfusion matching
how much does residual volume increase/decrease per decade? will there be increase/decrease in vital capacity?
RV increase by 5-10%; decrease
If the pressure in the pulmonary artery is greater than __ mm Hg and less than __ mm Hg, it is considered mild and is called pulmonary hypertension.
20-40
how to approximate pulmonary artery systolic pressure? what does systolic PAP of 30mm Hg imply?
using tricuspid valve velocity; implies a mean PAP more than 20mm Hg = pulmonary hypertension
poor asthma control leads to higher frequency of obesity. T or F
T
what are the exercise prescriptions for asthma patients?
use of beta-agonist inhalers eg ventolin before and during exercise; cold air and low humidity can precipitate asthmatic attacks; try running indoor
should swimming be recommended to asthma patients?
Yes: breathing in air near water surface that is warmer and more humid than normal air
No: accidentally inhale water can trigger asthma symptoms
Beta agonists may cause an initial increase/decrease in oxygen saturation because resultant bronchodilation can initially increase/decrease the ventilation/perfusion mismatch
decrease; increase
ipratropium bromide is typically given twice. T or F
F, only once
what is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? what is it often caused by? what are the two types of COPD? How to test it?
chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from lungs; smoking cigarette; emphysema (damage to the air sacs in the lungs) and chronic bronchitis (long-term inflammation of the airways); spirometry (measuring how much air you can breathe out in one forced breath)
endurance training with strength training has become an established basic component of training therapy in chronic pulmonary disorders. T or F
T
for patients with COPD, intensive interval training leads to higher/lesser degree of dynamic pulmonary hyperinflation, shorter/longer tolerated training period and higher/lower degree of exertional dyspnea
lesser; longer; lower
why train lower limb strength for patients with COPD
this is where disease-related muscular atrophy usually most pronounced
what training should be given to COPD patients to improve balance? what does it do?
whole body vibration training; above a specific vibration frequency, the stretch stimulus triggers a reflex that leads to an involuntary muscle contraction
what training should be given to COPD patients to improve balance? what does it do?
whole body vibration training; above a specific vibration frequency, the stretch stimulus triggers a reflex that leads to an involuntary muscle contraction
what training should be given to COPD patients to improve balance? what does it do?
whole body vibration training; above a specific vibration frequency, the stretch stimulus triggers a reflex that leads to an involuntary muscle contraction
what will happen when flail chest occurs? how will flail segment move?
when three or more contiguous ribs are fractured in two or more places; it will move paradoxically»_space;> move posteriorly when inspiring and move anteriorly when expiring
how to treat large flails?
endotracheal intubation
what is tension pneumothorax? what is the consequence of tension pneumothorax?
Tension pneumothorax develops when a lung or chest wall injury is such that it allows air into the pleural space but not out of it; occluding (or obstructing) venous return to heart
How does high altitude cause pulmonary edema?
vessels in the lungs narrow, causing increased pressure. This causes fluid to leak from the blood vessels to the lung tissues and eventually into the air sacs
what are the symptoms of HAPE shown by chest radiographs and CT scans?
a patchy and sometimes peripheral distribution of edema
what are the symptoms of HAPE shown by echocardiographic and pulmonary artery catheterisation studies?
marked pulmonary hypertension
how to treat HAPE?
oxygen/portable hyperbaric chamber
