7. Nervous system Flashcards
what are the five senses of the nervous system?
touch, taste, smell, hearing, sight
what is the central nervous system composed of?
brain and spinal cord
what is the basic unit of nervous system?
neuron (aka nerve cell)
what does the nervous system do?
basic body functions (e.g. heart beating, breathing, digesting, sweating etc), learning and memory, movement, responding to emergency, the five senses
it is a global trend that people are getting dumber. T or F
T
what are the three types of intracranial hemorrhage?
acute epidural haematoma, acute subdural haematoma, intracerebral hemorrhage
acute epidural hematoma occurs when bleeding happens between _____ and ______ and the bleeding is _______
skull; dura; arterial
acute subdural hematoma occurs when bleeding happens between _____ and ______ and the bleeding is _______
arachnoid; dura; venous
what would happen to the eyes after epidural hematoma?
fixed and dilated pupil on the side of the injury, and the eye will be positioned down and out
which one is much more common for acute boxing injuries? subdural or epidural hematomas
subdural hematomas
which one has a higher mortality rate? subdural or epidural hematomas
subdural hematomas
sudden but short-lived loss of mental function that occurs after a blow or other injury to the head. what do you call this?
concussion
what are the symptoms of concussion?
headache, dizziness, loss of consciousness, confusion, memory loss
what are the three ways to separate the brain?
- white and gray matter
- cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem
- frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobe
what is the brainstem composed of?
midbrain, pons, medulla
left/right hemisphere stroke will be more likely to produce aphasia or other language deficits?
Left
what function is found ONLY in prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, thalamic reticular nucleus and thalamus?
attention
which part of the brain is usually associated with motor control, but research has increasingly implicated it in reward-based learning, decision making, and other motivation-based types of behaviors as well
Basal ganglia
what function is found ONLY in amygdala, hippocampus, cerebellum and prefrontal cortex?
Memory
among amygdala, hippocampus, cerebellum and prefrontal cortex, which is involved in fear and fear memories?
amydgala
among amygdala, hippocampus, cerebellum and prefrontal cortex, which one is associated with various memory functions e.g. declarative, episodic and recognition memory?
hippocampus
which lobe is Broca’s area located in? what function is it associated with?
frontal lobe in the left hemisphere; speech production and articulation
which lobe is Wernicke’s area located in? what function is it associated with?
posterior superior temporal lobe; comprehension
which lobe is angular gyrus located in? what function is it associated with?
parietal lobe; associate language-related information e.g. auditory, visual or sensory
what are the 3 main types of neurotransmitters?
amino acid, monoamines & other biogenic amine, peptides
where is adult neurogenesis found to occur?
hippocampus, lateral ventricles, amygdala
functional and structural alterations in the brain enabling adaptation to the environment, learning, memory, as well as rehabilitation after brain injury. what is it called?
neuroplasticity
what modulate common neuroplasticity substrates in the brain?
physical activity and diet
what are some of the neuroplasticity substrates?
neurotrophic signaling, neurogenesis, inflammation, stress response, antioxidant defense
what are the two main types of stroke
ischaemic stroke
haemorrhagic stroke
multiple subcortical infarctions of basal ganglia and white matter are more common in the west or asia?
asia
what are some of the complications of stroke
spasticity, shoulder subluxation, seizure, swallowing problem, pneumonia, dementia, deep vein thrombosis, mood problem
why should stroke survivor incorporate PNF (proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation) into their training?
PNF uses the body’s proprioceptive system to facilitate or inhibit muscle contraction
what are the three cardinal symptoms of Parkinson’s disease
resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia
significant association was found between the duration of parkinson’s disease and the presence of ______
Freezing of gait
what are the treatments to PD
medication of dopamine, rehab strategies, deep brain stimulation
name two useful rehab therapies for patients with PD
taichi and resistance training
Spinal cord injuries……patients with C_ and higher level injuries need ventilator support
C3
the focus of neurorehabilitation has shifted from the use of _____ approaches toward an emphasis on ______ with the help of ____ and ______
compensatory; functional neurorecovery; neuroplasticity; technologies
which lobes are related to ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder)?
right frontal and parietal lobes
For ADHD patients, maturation of certain _______ neural pathways appears to be delayed
dopaminergic
austism is associated with _____ cortex, high levels of _____ acid and low levels of _____
association cortex; glutamic acid; serotonin
DHA (omega-3 fatty acid) exerts many functions in the process of ______
neurogenesis, neurotransmission and protection against oxidative stress
vayarin is effective as a konotherapy or as an add on treatment to psychostimulants or non-psychostimulant in treating patients with _____
ADHD
