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Anatomy and Physiology for Exercise > 7. Nervous system > Flashcards

7. Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the five senses of the nervous system?

A

touch, taste, smell, hearing, sight

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2
Q

what is the central nervous system composed of?

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

what is the basic unit of nervous system?

A

neuron (aka nerve cell)

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4
Q

what does the nervous system do?

A

basic body functions (e.g. heart beating, breathing, digesting, sweating etc), learning and memory, movement, responding to emergency, the five senses

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5
Q

it is a global trend that people are getting dumber. T or F

A

T

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6
Q

what are the three types of intracranial hemorrhage?

A

acute epidural haematoma, acute subdural haematoma, intracerebral hemorrhage

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7
Q

acute epidural hematoma occurs when bleeding happens between _____ and ______ and the bleeding is _______

A

skull; dura; arterial

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8
Q

acute subdural hematoma occurs when bleeding happens between _____ and ______ and the bleeding is _______

A

arachnoid; dura; venous

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9
Q

what would happen to the eyes after epidural hematoma?

A

fixed and dilated pupil on the side of the injury, and the eye will be positioned down and out

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10
Q

which one is much more common for acute boxing injuries? subdural or epidural hematomas

A

subdural hematomas

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11
Q

which one has a higher mortality rate? subdural or epidural hematomas

A

subdural hematomas

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12
Q

sudden but short-lived loss of mental function that occurs after a blow or other injury to the head. what do you call this?

A

concussion

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13
Q

what are the symptoms of concussion?

A

headache, dizziness, loss of consciousness, confusion, memory loss

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14
Q

what are the three ways to separate the brain?

A
  1. white and gray matter
  2. cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem
  3. frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobe
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15
Q

what is the brainstem composed of?

A

midbrain, pons, medulla

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16
Q

left/right hemisphere stroke will be more likely to produce aphasia or other language deficits?

A

Left

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17
Q

what function is found ONLY in prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, thalamic reticular nucleus and thalamus?

A

attention

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18
Q

which part of the brain is usually associated with motor control, but research has increasingly implicated it in reward-based learning, decision making, and other motivation-based types of behaviors as well

A

Basal ganglia

19
Q

what function is found ONLY in amygdala, hippocampus, cerebellum and prefrontal cortex?

A

Memory

20
Q

among amygdala, hippocampus, cerebellum and prefrontal cortex, which is involved in fear and fear memories?

A

amydgala

21
Q

among amygdala, hippocampus, cerebellum and prefrontal cortex, which one is associated with various memory functions e.g. declarative, episodic and recognition memory?

A

hippocampus

22
Q

which lobe is Broca’s area located in? what function is it associated with?

A

frontal lobe in the left hemisphere; speech production and articulation

23
Q

which lobe is Wernicke’s area located in? what function is it associated with?

A

posterior superior temporal lobe; comprehension

24
Q

which lobe is angular gyrus located in? what function is it associated with?

A

parietal lobe; associate language-related information e.g. auditory, visual or sensory

25
Q

what are the 3 main types of neurotransmitters?

A

amino acid, monoamines & other biogenic amine, peptides

26
Q

where is adult neurogenesis found to occur?

A

hippocampus, lateral ventricles, amygdala

27
Q

functional and structural alterations in the brain enabling adaptation to the environment, learning, memory, as well as rehabilitation after brain injury. what is it called?

A

neuroplasticity

28
Q

what modulate common neuroplasticity substrates in the brain?

A

physical activity and diet

29
Q

what are some of the neuroplasticity substrates?

A

neurotrophic signaling, neurogenesis, inflammation, stress response, antioxidant defense

30
Q

what are the two main types of stroke

A

ischaemic stroke

haemorrhagic stroke

31
Q

multiple subcortical infarctions of basal ganglia and white matter are more common in the west or asia?

A

asia

32
Q

what are some of the complications of stroke

A

spasticity, shoulder subluxation, seizure, swallowing problem, pneumonia, dementia, deep vein thrombosis, mood problem

33
Q

why should stroke survivor incorporate PNF (proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation) into their training?

A

PNF uses the body’s proprioceptive system to facilitate or inhibit muscle contraction

34
Q

what are the three cardinal symptoms of Parkinson’s disease

A

resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia

35
Q

significant association was found between the duration of parkinson’s disease and the presence of ______

A

Freezing of gait

36
Q

what are the treatments to PD

A

medication of dopamine, rehab strategies, deep brain stimulation

37
Q

name two useful rehab therapies for patients with PD

A

taichi and resistance training

38
Q

Spinal cord injuries……patients with C_ and higher level injuries need ventilator support

A

C3

39
Q

the focus of neurorehabilitation has shifted from the use of _____ approaches toward an emphasis on ______ with the help of ____ and ______

A

compensatory; functional neurorecovery; neuroplasticity; technologies

40
Q

which lobes are related to ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder)?

A

right frontal and parietal lobes

41
Q

For ADHD patients, maturation of certain _______ neural pathways appears to be delayed

A

dopaminergic

42
Q

austism is associated with _____ cortex, high levels of _____ acid and low levels of _____

A

association cortex; glutamic acid; serotonin

43
Q

DHA (omega-3 fatty acid) exerts many functions in the process of ______

A

neurogenesis, neurotransmission and protection against oxidative stress

44
Q

vayarin is effective as a konotherapy or as an add on treatment to psychostimulants or non-psychostimulant in treating patients with _____

A

ADHD

Anatomy and Physiology for Exercise (13 decks)

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