5. Anatomy of lower limbs

Question 1

what does the pelvis consist of?

Answer 1

sacrum, coccyx, hip bones

Question 2

what does the hip bone consist of?

Answer 2

ilium, ischium, pubis

Question 3

what does the quadriceps femoris muscle consist of?

Answer 3

rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius

Question 4

which of the quadriceps muscle crosses both hip and knee joint?

Answer 4

rectus femoris only

Question 5

the 4 quadriceps muscles differ in origin/insertion but share the same origin/insertion? if then, where?

Answer 5

differ in origin, but share the same insertion at the patella

Question 6

what functions do the quadriceps muscles perform?

Answer 6

hip flexion (rectus femoris only)
leg extension (all 4 muscles)

Question 7

what does rectus femoris consist of? what are the origins?

Answer 7

two heads that originate from two sites on ilium; a third head is also possible, originating from iliofemoral ligament

Question 8

is there a “fifth head” of the quadriceps? what is it called

Answer 8

yes….articularis genus

Question 9

in the middle third of the thigh, ___________ forms the lateral wall of adductor canal?

Answer 9

vastus medialis

Question 10

what does the hamstring consist of? do they all cross knee and hip joints?

Answer 10

semitendinosus, semimembranous, biceps femoris; yes they all cross, except the short head of biceps femoris

Question 11

what function does the hamstring perform?

Answer 11

knee flexion (all three hamstring muscles)
hip extension (all hamstrings muscles except the short head of biceps femoris; mainly by gluteus maximus)
internal rotation when flexed (semitendinosus and semimembranosus)
external rotation when flexed (biceps femoris both heads)

Question 12

which knee ligament prevent tibia from rotating and sliding forward?

Answer 12

Anterior cruciate ligament

Question 13

which knee ligament prevent tibia from sliding to the rear?

Answer 13

posterior cruciate ligament

Question 14

among ACL, PCL, LCL (lateral collateral ligament) and MCL (medial collateral ligament), which one is more commonly injured? how does the ligament tear affect the knee and foot?

Answer 14

MCL tear; forces the knee in and foot out

Question 15

how to perform a Lachman’s test? what is the purpose of the test?

Answer 15

stabilize femur with one hand and pull tibia anteriorly and posteriorly against femur with another hand…..if tibia found easily slide forward, likely have partial or full ACL tear

Question 16

weight reduction of 10lbs reduces ___% absolute risk of osteoarthritis of the knee

Answer 16

50%

Question 17

lower leg is angled inward (medially) in relation to the thigh’s axis….is it genu valgus or varus?

Answer 17

varus

Question 18

genu varus or valgus alignment increase the risk of incident tibiofemoral osteoarthritis?

Answer 18

varus

Question 19

iliotibial band (IT band) is a thick and deep _____ on the lateral aspect of the knee as well as hip

Answer 19

fascia

Question 20

what is the insertion of IT band?

Answer 20

lateral condyle of tibia

Question 21

Weak ____ muscles play a major role in the development of IT band syndrome

Answer 21

hip abductor e.g. gluteus medius

Question 22

Weak ____ muscles play a major role in the development of IT band syndrome

Answer 22

hip abductor e.g. gluteus medius

Question 23

foot up = dorsiflexion/plantar flexion?

Answer 23

dorsiflexion

Question 24

what does the calf muscle consist of? what are the functions?

Answer 24

gastrocnemius and soleus; gastrocnemius and soleus: chief plantar flexor of foot, gastrocnemius also flex the leg at knee

Question 25

where is talocrural joint located?

Answer 25

distal ends of the tibia and fibula

Question 26

which muscle is the main foot dorsiflexor on the talocrural joint? what other functions does it perform?

Answer 26

tibialis anterior….foot inversion at subtalar joint and support medial part of longitudinal arch of the foot

Question 27

tibialis anterior tendinitis can result in ——————————

Answer 27

flat foot deformity

Question 28

the foot is divided into which three regions?

Answer 28

forefoot (5 metatarsals and 14 phalanges), midfoot (cuboid, navicular and 3 cuneiforms), hindfoot (talus and calcaneus)…..midfoot+hindfoot=tarsal

Question 29

how many muscles in the foot? how many of them originate outside of the foot but cross the ankle joint?

Answer 29

29…..10

Question 30

the muscles of foot are divided up into __ compartments encompassed by fascia

Answer 30

9

Question 31

what does the lateral collateral ligament complex of the ankle consist of?

Answer 31

anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular, and posterior talofibular ligaments

Question 32

what is the medial collateral ligament of the ankle called?

Answer 32

deltoid ligament

Question 33

which ankle ligament is the most susceptible to inversion injury? and which ligament is the least?

Answer 33

anterior talofibular ligament…..posterior talofibular ligament

Question 34

which is the largest and strongest tendon in the body?

Answer 34

Achilles tendon

Question 35

where do the tendinous fibers of gastrocnemius and soleus coalesce?

Answer 35

above the insertion on posterior calcaneal tuberosity

Question 36

why is the achilles tendon most vulnerable to degeneration and rupture?

Answer 36

because the midsection receives a relatively poor bloody supply

Question 37

what are the symptoms of pes planus (aka flat foot)? is it associated with knee valgus or varus and internal or external rotation of femur?

Answer 37

pronated posture of hindfoot and decreased medial longitudinal arch; knee valgus and internal rotation

Question 38

flatfeet are more oftenly found in black or asian people?

Answer 38

asian

Question 39

if arch is too high or low, it will place pressure on ______, leading to _____

Answer 39

plantar fascia; plantar fasciitis

Question 40

what exercise therapies should be suggested for plantar fasciitis?

Answer 40

calf stretching and strengthening