5. Anatomy of lower limbs Flashcards
what does the pelvis consist of?
sacrum, coccyx, hip bones
what does the hip bone consist of?
ilium, ischium, pubis
what does the quadriceps femoris muscle consist of?
rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius
which of the quadriceps muscle crosses both hip and knee joint?
rectus femoris only
the 4 quadriceps muscles differ in origin/insertion but share the same origin/insertion? if then, where?
differ in origin, but share the same insertion at the patella
what functions do the quadriceps muscles perform?
hip flexion (rectus femoris only) leg extension (all 4 muscles)
what does rectus femoris consist of? what are the origins?
two heads that originate from two sites on ilium; a third head is also possible, originating from iliofemoral ligament
is there a “fifth head” of the quadriceps? what is it called
yes….articularis genus
in the middle third of the thigh, ___________ forms the lateral wall of adductor canal?
vastus medialis
what does the hamstring consist of? do they all cross knee and hip joints?
semitendinosus, semimembranous, biceps femoris; yes they all cross, except the short head of biceps femoris
what function does the hamstring perform?
knee flexion (all three hamstring muscles) hip extension (all hamstrings muscles except the short head of biceps femoris; mainly by gluteus maximus) internal rotation when flexed (semitendinosus and semimembranosus) external rotation when flexed (biceps femoris both heads)
which knee ligament prevent tibia from rotating and sliding forward?
Anterior cruciate ligament
which knee ligament prevent tibia from sliding to the rear?
posterior cruciate ligament
among ACL, PCL, LCL (lateral collateral ligament) and MCL (medial collateral ligament), which one is more commonly injured? how does the ligament tear affect the knee and foot?
MCL tear; forces the knee in and foot out
how to perform a Lachman’s test? what is the purpose of the test?
stabilize femur with one hand and pull tibia anteriorly and posteriorly against femur with another hand…..if tibia found easily slide forward, likely have partial or full ACL tear
weight reduction of 10lbs reduces ___% absolute risk of osteoarthritis of the knee
50%
lower leg is angled inward (medially) in relation to the thigh’s axis….is it genu valgus or varus?
varus
genu varus or valgus alignment increase the risk of incident tibiofemoral osteoarthritis?
varus
iliotibial band (IT band) is a thick and deep _____ on the lateral aspect of the knee as well as hip
fascia
what is the insertion of IT band?
lateral condyle of tibia
Weak ____ muscles play a major role in the development of IT band syndrome
hip abductor e.g. gluteus medius
Weak ____ muscles play a major role in the development of IT band syndrome
hip abductor e.g. gluteus medius
foot up = dorsiflexion/plantar flexion?
dorsiflexion
what does the calf muscle consist of? what are the functions?
gastrocnemius and soleus; gastrocnemius and soleus: chief plantar flexor of foot, gastrocnemius also flex the leg at knee
where is talocrural joint located?
distal ends of the tibia and fibula
which muscle is the main foot dorsiflexor on the talocrural joint? what other functions does it perform?
tibialis anterior….foot inversion at subtalar joint and support medial part of longitudinal arch of the foot
tibialis anterior tendinitis can result in ——————————
flat foot deformity
the foot is divided into which three regions?
forefoot (5 metatarsals and 14 phalanges), midfoot (cuboid, navicular and 3 cuneiforms), hindfoot (talus and calcaneus)…..midfoot+hindfoot=tarsal
how many muscles in the foot? how many of them originate outside of the foot but cross the ankle joint?
29…..10
the muscles of foot are divided up into __ compartments encompassed by fascia
9
what does the lateral collateral ligament complex of the ankle consist of?
anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular, and posterior talofibular ligaments
what is the medial collateral ligament of the ankle called?
deltoid ligament
which ankle ligament is the most susceptible to inversion injury? and which ligament is the least?
anterior talofibular ligament…..posterior talofibular ligament
which is the largest and strongest tendon in the body?
Achilles tendon
where do the tendinous fibers of gastrocnemius and soleus coalesce?
above the insertion on posterior calcaneal tuberosity
why is the achilles tendon most vulnerable to degeneration and rupture?
because the midsection receives a relatively poor bloody supply
what are the symptoms of pes planus (aka flat foot)? is it associated with knee valgus or varus and internal or external rotation of femur?
pronated posture of hindfoot and decreased medial longitudinal arch; knee valgus and internal rotation
flatfeet are more oftenly found in black or asian people?
asian
if arch is too high or low, it will place pressure on ______, leading to _____
plantar fascia; plantar fasciitis
what exercise therapies should be suggested for plantar fasciitis?
calf stretching and strengthening
