12. Thermal response, nutrition, metabolism

Question 1

__________ is a process that allows your body to maintain its core internal temperature

Answer 1

thermoregulation

Question 2

which part of the brain controls thermoregulation?

Answer 2

hypothalamus

Question 3

what will your body do if need to cool down?

Answer 3

sweating and vasodilatation (wider blood vessels to increase blood flow and release heat through heat radiation)

Question 4

what will your body do if need to warm up?

Answer 4

vasoconstriction (narrower blood vessels), thermogenesis (eg shivering), hormonal thermogenesis (thyroid gland release hormone to increase metabolism, which produces energy and heat)

Question 5

sleep is an example of a physiologic process that modulates, and is modulated by, the thermoregulatory system. T or F

Answer 5

T

Question 6

onset of sleep tracks closely the rate of increase/decline in body temperature

Answer 6

decline

Question 7

sleep, circadian rhythms, and body temperature are all controlled by dedicated neural circuits in the __________

Answer 7

anterior hypothalamus

Question 8

what is the term for “body temperature falls below 35 C”

Answer 8

hypothermia

Question 9

without prompt treatment, heat exhaustion can lead to heatstroke. T or F

Answer 9

T

Question 10

what are the symptoms of heat exhaustion

Answer 10

heavy sweating, dizziness, headache, fatigue, weak rapid pulse, low blood pressure upon standing, muscle cramps, nausea

Question 11

heat stroke can be classified into ____ heatstroke or _____ heat stroke

Answer 11

classical; exertional

Question 12

______ heatstroke mainly affect older age group or those with chronic illness when heat loss from body is hampered. usually occur when environmental temperatures are high

Answer 12

classical

Question 13

_______ heatstroke occurs in those involved in prolonged excessive activities like marathons where heat loss doesn’t match heat production

Answer 13

exertional

Question 14

what are the main symptoms of heatstroke?

Answer 14

body temperature above 40.5 degree celcius, decrease in conscious level, sweating may be present at early stage or absent at late stage, loss of coordination, tachycardia, tachypnea, hypotension

Question 15

how to treat heatstroke patients on scene?

Answer 15

1. place ice packs on neck, axillae and chest wall
2. spraying will increase rate of evaporation
3. wrap the patient with a sheet soaked with cold water
4. don’t give anything by mouth to protect airway
5. recheck temperature every 15-30 minutes
6. recheck vital signs eg. temperature, blood pressure, breathing

Question 16

exertional heatstroke might lead to rhabdomyolysis (breakdown of skeletal muscle fibers with leakage of muscle contents into the circulation), therefore lead to kidney injury. how to reduce damage?

Answer 16

fluid repletion

Question 17

what is the daily energy requirement for professional athletes?

Answer 17

3000-12000 kcal

Question 18

what is carbohydrate loading? what is it useful for? how to perform carbohydrate loading?

Answer 18

increase initial muscle glycogen content to increase time to exhaustion during physical exercise; useful for high intensity endurance acitivity > 90min; during the last 5 days before competition, high carbohydrate intake

Question 19

sports performance is affected when water dehydration exceeds _% of body weight

Answer 19

2%

Question 20

sports performance is affected when water dehydration exceeds _% of body weight

Answer 20

2%

Question 21

exercising while dehydrated can result in _____

Answer 21

heat stroke

Question 22

consuming carbohydrates during exercise can improve sports performance. T or F

Answer 22

T

Question 23

carbohydrate and protein consumed within ____ minutes of a workout is an effective time to restore amino acid and carbohydrate in muscles. this can prepare athletes for the next training

Answer 23

30

Question 24

Ketogenic diet: high/low fat, high/low protein, high/low carbohydrate

Answer 24

high fat, high protein, low carbohydrate

Question 25

how ketogenic diet help with weight loss?

Answer 25

1) when your body doesn’t have enough carbohydrates to burn for energy, it burns fat instead and makes liver release ketones, which it can use for fuel
2) reduced caloric intake and increased satiety effect of proteins
3) metabolic effect of ketogenic diet through the use of energy from proteins is an expensive process

Question 26

effect of weight loss due to KD may not be able to sustain over long term period. T or F

Answer 26

T

Question 27

what are some of the side effects of KD?

Answer 27

mood changes, increase in LDL (low density lipoprotein), reduction in bone mineral density, drop in libido

Question 28

_______ consists of a series of reactions that occur within cells of living organisms to sustain life

Answer 28

Metabolism

Question 29

_________ is the degradation of complex macromolecules into simpler molecules such as carbon dioxide, water, ammonia

Answer 29

catabolism

Question 30

_________ is the biosynthetic pathways that generate complex macromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins

Answer 30

anabolism

Question 31

________ is a measurement of the amount of calories needed to perform your body’s most basic functions, like breathing, circulation, on a daily basis

Answer 31

basal metabolic rate

Question 32

when is resting metabolic rate usually measured?

Answer 32

in the morning before eat or exercise

and after a full night of restful sleep

Question 33

BMR tends to increase/decrease with advancing age, and a high/low BMR plays an important role in the pathogenesis of obesity and age related chronic diseases

Answer 33

decrease; low

Question 34

what are the three ways of measurement methods for BMR?

Answer 34

direct calorimetry, indirect calorimetry, equation estimation

latter two more commonly used

Question 35

low BMR have higher/lower propensity to spontaneous weight gain and insulin resistance

Answer 35

higher

Question 36

pharmacokinetics: what the drug does to body
pharmacodynamics: what the body does to drug
T or F

Answer 36

F

Question 37

In pharmacokinetics, what are the four movements of drug into, through, and out of the body?

Answer 37

absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

Question 38

what are the ways to metabolize drugs?

Answer 38

oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, hydration, conjugation, condensation, isomerization