12. Thermal response, nutrition, metabolism Flashcards
__________ is a process that allows your body to maintain its core internal temperature
thermoregulation
which part of the brain controls thermoregulation?
hypothalamus
what will your body do if need to cool down?
sweating and vasodilatation (wider blood vessels to increase blood flow and release heat through heat radiation)
what will your body do if need to warm up?
vasoconstriction (narrower blood vessels), thermogenesis (eg shivering), hormonal thermogenesis (thyroid gland release hormone to increase metabolism, which produces energy and heat)
sleep is an example of a physiologic process that modulates, and is modulated by, the thermoregulatory system. T or F
T
onset of sleep tracks closely the rate of increase/decline in body temperature
decline
sleep, circadian rhythms, and body temperature are all controlled by dedicated neural circuits in the __________
anterior hypothalamus
what is the term for “body temperature falls below 35 C”
hypothermia
without prompt treatment, heat exhaustion can lead to heatstroke. T or F
T
what are the symptoms of heat exhaustion
heavy sweating, dizziness, headache, fatigue, weak rapid pulse, low blood pressure upon standing, muscle cramps, nausea
heat stroke can be classified into ____ heatstroke or _____ heat stroke
classical; exertional
______ heatstroke mainly affect older age group or those with chronic illness when heat loss from body is hampered. usually occur when environmental temperatures are high
classical
_______ heatstroke occurs in those involved in prolonged excessive activities like marathons where heat loss doesn’t match heat production
exertional
what are the main symptoms of heatstroke?
body temperature above 40.5 degree celcius, decrease in conscious level, sweating may be present at early stage or absent at late stage, loss of coordination, tachycardia, tachypnea, hypotension
how to treat heatstroke patients on scene?
- place ice packs on neck, axillae and chest wall
- spraying will increase rate of evaporation
- wrap the patient with a sheet soaked with cold water
- don’t give anything by mouth to protect airway
- recheck temperature every 15-30 minutes
- recheck vital signs eg. temperature, blood pressure, breathing
exertional heatstroke might lead to rhabdomyolysis (breakdown of skeletal muscle fibers with leakage of muscle contents into the circulation), therefore lead to kidney injury. how to reduce damage?
fluid repletion
what is the daily energy requirement for professional athletes?
3000-12000 kcal
what is carbohydrate loading? what is it useful for? how to perform carbohydrate loading?
increase initial muscle glycogen content to increase time to exhaustion during physical exercise; useful for high intensity endurance acitivity > 90min; during the last 5 days before competition, high carbohydrate intake
sports performance is affected when water dehydration exceeds _% of body weight
2%
sports performance is affected when water dehydration exceeds _% of body weight
2%
exercising while dehydrated can result in _____
heat stroke
consuming carbohydrates during exercise can improve sports performance. T or F
T
carbohydrate and protein consumed within ____ minutes of a workout is an effective time to restore amino acid and carbohydrate in muscles. this can prepare athletes for the next training
30
Ketogenic diet: high/low fat, high/low protein, high/low carbohydrate
high fat, high protein, low carbohydrate
how ketogenic diet help with weight loss?
1) when your body doesn’t have enough carbohydrates to burn for energy, it burns fat instead and makes liver release ketones, which it can use for fuel
2) reduced caloric intake and increased satiety effect of proteins
3) metabolic effect of ketogenic diet through the use of energy from proteins is an expensive process
effect of weight loss due to KD may not be able to sustain over long term period. T or F
T
what are some of the side effects of KD?
mood changes, increase in LDL (low density lipoprotein), reduction in bone mineral density, drop in libido
_______ consists of a series of reactions that occur within cells of living organisms to sustain life
Metabolism
_________ is the degradation of complex macromolecules into simpler molecules such as carbon dioxide, water, ammonia
catabolism
_________ is the biosynthetic pathways that generate complex macromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins
anabolism
________ is a measurement of the amount of calories needed to perform your body’s most basic functions, like breathing, circulation, on a daily basis
basal metabolic rate
when is resting metabolic rate usually measured?
in the morning before eat or exercise
and after a full night of restful sleep
BMR tends to increase/decrease with advancing age, and a high/low BMR plays an important role in the pathogenesis of obesity and age related chronic diseases
decrease; low
what are the three ways of measurement methods for BMR?
direct calorimetry, indirect calorimetry, equation estimation
latter two more commonly used
low BMR have higher/lower propensity to spontaneous weight gain and insulin resistance
higher
pharmacokinetics: what the drug does to body
pharmacodynamics: what the body does to drug
T or F
F
In pharmacokinetics, what are the four movements of drug into, through, and out of the body?
absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
what are the ways to metabolize drugs?
oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, hydration, conjugation, condensation, isomerization
