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General Pathology > 8 - Neoplasia and Growth Disturbances (Exam 2) > Flashcards

8 - Neoplasia and Growth Disturbances (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What are polyps?

A

Any abnormal protrusion from a mucosal surface OR

a mass that projects above a mucosal surface to form a visible structure

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2
Q

What are 4 examples of mucosal surfaces where polyps can occur?

A
  1. Oral cavity
  2. GI tract
  3. Respiratory tract
  4. Genitourinary tract
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3
Q

What are 3 reasons for polyp occurrence?

A
  1. Chronic inflammation
  2. Hyperplasia
  3. Neoplasia
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4
Q

What is leukoplakia?

A

Opaque, white, hyperplastic lesions found on mucous membranes, often pre-cancerous, that have a high potential of transformation to malignant cells

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5
Q

What are 3 common locations of leukoplakia?

A
  1. Oral cavity
  2. Respiratory tract
  3. Cervix
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6
Q

What is a neoplasia?

A

New growth

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7
Q

What are 3 origins of all neoplasms?

A
  1. Loss of responsiveness to normal growth control
  2. Excess of stimulation leading to net growth
  3. Deficiency of inhibition leading to net growth
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8
Q

What is a tumor?

A

A swelling

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9
Q

What are 5 causes of tumors?

A
  1. Edema
  2. Hemorrhage
  3. Inflammation
  4. Hyperplasia
  5. Neoplasia
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10
Q

What is oncology?

A

The study of tumors

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11
Q

What 2 basic components do all neoplasia have?

A
  1. Parenchyma (bulk of the tumor)

2. Supporting stroma (connective tissue/blood vessels)

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12
Q

What are the types of neoplasia based on?

A

Cell type and

Degree of malignancy

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13
Q

How are benign neoplasms names?

A

Prefix - cell line

Suffix - oma

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14
Q

How are malignant neoplasms named?

A

Prefix - cell line

Suffix - carcinoma if epithelial, sarcoma if CT or muscle

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15
Q

What are 4 exceptions to the neoplasia naming system?

A
  1. Hematoma - Collection of blood exudates
  2. Lymphoma - malignant
  3. Glioma - malignant
  4. Blastoma - malignant (neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma)
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16
Q

What are 7 common characteristics of benign neoplasms?

A
  1. Slow growth rate
  2. Normal mitosis for the type of cell it is
  3. No signs of metastasis
  4. Normally single cell type, two types not uncommon
  5. Normally well differentiated
  6. Localized, do not spread
  7. May cause compression or secrete hormones
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17
Q

What is a more common name for malignant neoplasia?

A

Cancer

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18
Q

What 5 things does the word malignant imply?

A
  1. Invasion
  2. Infiltration
  3. Spread
  4. Major compression
  5. Tissue destruction
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19
Q

What are 6 common characteristics of malignant neoplasms?

A
  1. Growth rate variable from slow to rapid
  2. Atypical mitosis
  3. Variable degree of metastasis
  4. Single cell type, unless germ cells
  5. Differentiation correlates with growth rate
  6. Spread at some point in time
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20
Q

What are the 4 stages of life for a neoplasm?

A
  1. Initiation - transformation
  2. Clonal expansion
  3. Local invasion
  4. Metastasis
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21
Q

During which stage of life does a cell or group of cells appear different from normal?

A

Initiation - transformation stage

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22
Q

What phase is the resting state of the cell?

A

G0 phase

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23
Q

What 4 phases make up the active phase of the cell?

A
  1. G1
  2. S
  3. G2
  4. M
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24
Q

What occurs in the G1 phase?

A

Pre-DNA synthesis

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25
Q

What occurs in the S phase?

A

DNA synthesis

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26
Q

What occurs in the G2 phase?

A

Pre-mitosis

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27
Q

What occurs in the M phase?

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

28
Q

What 5 things may recruitment be associated with?

A
  1. Deficiency of growth inhibitors
  2. Excess of growth stimulators
  3. Age
  4. Heredity
  5. Environmental growth factors
29
Q

What are 3 major types of genes?

A
  1. Oncogenes
  2. Suppressor genes
  3. Protooncogenes
30
Q

What 2 things can oncogenes initiate?

A
  1. Formation of excess amounts of growth factor

2. Formation of abnormal growth factors

31
Q

If suppressor genes are inactivated, what will be allowed to happen?

A

Unlimited activity of growth factor

32
Q

What are protooncogenes?

A

Potential oncogenes that are normally inactive (but may be activated)

33
Q

In what age group does acute leukemia primarily occur?

A

The young

34
Q

In what age group does chronic leukemia primarily occur?

A

The old

35
Q

What do pre and post-menopausal neoplasms differ based on?

A

Hormonal stimulation

36
Q

What are 2 examples of neoplasms initiated during embryonic development?

A
  1. Neuro-retinoblastoma

2. Rhabdomyosarcoma

37
Q

What percentage of individuals will develop some form of cancer?

A

25%

38
Q

Is heredity a cause of cancer?

A

Only a few types

39
Q

What are 3 types of cancer that have been shown to be hereditary?

A
  1. Childhood retinoblastoma
  2. Multiple polyposis coli (colon)
  3. Mammary adenocarcinoma (breast)
40
Q

What types of genes are involved with childhood retinoblastoma?

A

Autosomal dominant gene

Suppressor gene

41
Q

What type of gene is involved with multiple polyposis coli?

A

Autosomal dominant gene

42
Q

What percent of people who have multiple polyposis coli will have carcinoma of the colon by age 50?

A

100 %

43
Q

What are 3 major types of carcinogenic environmental factors?

A
  1. Chemicals
  2. Radiant energy
  3. Oncogenic viruses
44
Q

What are 5 examples of chemical carcinogens?

A
  1. Organic solvents (toluene, carbon tetrachloride)
  2. Alkylating agents
  3. Antiviral drugs
  4. Procarcinogens (aromatic amines and amides)
  5. Natural plant and microbial products and toxins
45
Q

What are 2 examples of the mode of action of chemical carcinogens?

A
  1. Inducement of mutations that affect oncogenes and/or suppressor genes
  2. Associated with ability to suppress “natural killer cells”
46
Q

What are 4 possible sources of radiant energy?

A
  1. UV radiation (sunlight)
  2. X-rays
  3. Nuclear fission
  4. Radioactive isotopes
47
Q

What is a possible malignancy resulting from UV radiation?

A

Skin cancer

48
Q

What are some possible malignancies resulting from X-rays?

A 
Leukemia
Thyroid cancer
Breast carcinoma
Colon carcinoma
Pulmonary carcinoma
Osteosarcoma
49
Q

What are some possible malignancies resulting from nuclear fission?

A 
Leukemia
Thyroid cancer
Breast carcinoma
Colon carcinoma
Pulmonary carcinoma
50
Q

What is a possible malignancy resulting from radioactive isotopes and who may be at risk?

A

Pulmonary carcinoma

Miners of radioactive elements

51
Q

What are 2 examples of the mode of action of radiant energy damage?

A
  1. Associated with point mutations on genes

2. May result from chromosomal breakage and/or translocation of chromosomes during cell division

52
Q

What are 2 things that radiant energy damage results in?

A
  1. Formation of oncogenes

2. Loss or damage of suppressor genes

53
Q

What are 3 types of oncogene viruses and what do they lead to?

A
  1. Human T-cell leukemia virus (leukemia)
  2. Human papilloma virus (cervical cancer)
  3. Hepatitis viruses (hepatoadenocarcinoma)
54
Q

What are 4 examples of foods that may cause exogenous carcinomas?

A
  1. Alfatoxins (related to certain molds)
  2. Food additives
  3. Pesticides
  4. Artificial sweeteners
55
Q

Lack of what nutrient may lead to increased time of fecal matter in the colon and therefore a greater chance of exposure to carcinogens?

A

Fiber

56
Q

What stage of neoplasm life do benign neoplasms not pass?

A

Clonal expansion

57
Q

What does the proliferation rate of neoplastic cells depend on?

A

Doubling time of cells

  • fast for malignant neoplasms
  • slow for benign neoplasms
58
Q

What enzyme do neoplastic cells have that helps to maintain telomere length?

A

Telomerase

59
Q

What is the growth fraction indicative of?

A

Cells in the active proliferative stage

60
Q

What are the 4 stages of development with neoplasms?

A
  1. Actively proliferating and clonogenic
  2. Non-proliferating but still clonogenic
  3. Non-proliferating and not clonogenic
  4. Undergoing lysis and reabsorption (seen in malignancy, when cells outgrow blood supply)
61
Q

What size can tumors not develop beyond without neovascularization?

A

1-2 mm

62
Q

Is angiogenesis mandatory for normal tumor formation?

A

Yes

63
Q

Which stage of neoplastic life is the beginning of metastasis?

A

Local invasion

Extracellular matrix is breached

64
Q

With what types of neoplasms is metastasis seen?

A

Malignant neoplasms only

65
Q

What are the 3 pathways from which metastasis may occur?

A
  1. Seeding within body cavities
  2. Lymphatic spread
  3. Hematogenous spread
66
Q

Where does hematogenous spread occur?

A

Usually in the veins as opposed to the arteries

67
Q

What are the primary targets of hematogenous spread?

A

Capillary network areas
Lungs
Liver
Brain

General Pathology (16 decks)

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