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General Pathology > 3 - Acute and Chronic Inflammation (Exam 1) > Flashcards

3 - Acute and Chronic Inflammation (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is inflammation?

A

A protective response intended to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury as well as any products of the injury (necrotic cells or tissue).

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2
Q

What is 1 good/necessary aspect of inflammation?

A

To destroy and/or neutralize harmful agents such as:
Toxins
Microbes

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3
Q

What is 1 negative aspect of inflammation?

A

An overreactive response

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4
Q

What are 4 examples of overreactive inflammatory responses?

A
  1. Excessive scar tissue formation’
  2. Anaphylaxis
  3. Arthritis
  4. Atherosclerosis
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5
Q

Give a brief overview of inflammation (4 steps)

A
  1. Insult to tissue
  2. Release of chemical mediators
  3. Mediator amplification of the initial inflammatory response
  4. Termination of the inflammatory response
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6
Q

What are the 2 patterns of inflammation?

A
  1. Acute
  2. Chronic

These two patterns can overlap in mechanism and appearance

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7
Q

What is acute inflammation?

A

Immediate and early response to injury

Brought on by release of local chemical mediators

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8
Q

What are 5 types of vascular changes?

A
  1. Arteriolar vasodilation
  2. Contraction of endothelial cells
  3. Retraction of endothelial cells
  4. Leukocyte dependent injury
  5. New blood vessel leakage
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9
Q

Give a brief overview of arteriolar vasodilation

A
  1. Causes erythema (redness)
  2. Increases permeability of vasculature
  3. Increases viscosity of the blood
  4. Rate of blood flow slows (stasis)
  5. Leukocytes move to the margin of the vessel
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10
Q

List 1 potential cause of increased vascular permeability

A

Injury to the endothelial lining (endothelial cell death, followed by necrosis and detachment)

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11
Q

Contraction of endothelial cells is initiated by what 3 mediators?

A
  1. Bradykinin
  2. Leukotrienes
  3. Histamines
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12
Q

Give a brief overview of contraction of endothelial cells

A

Leads to intracellular gaps
Usually occurs in venules
Is reversible and transient

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13
Q

How are endothelial cell contraction and retraction different?

A

Endothelial cell retraction takes longer to occur and also lasts longer.

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14
Q

What causes a leukocyte dependent injury to occur?

A

Accumulation of leukocytes

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15
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

Formation of new blood vessels

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16
Q

For how long do new blood vessels leak?

A

Until the endothelial lining is complete

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17
Q

What causes angiogenesis?

A

The release of growth factor

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18
Q

What are cellular events?

A

The movement of leukocytes out of the circulation and into the interstitial space as induced by chemical mediators.

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19
Q

What are 6 types of cellular events?

A
  1. Rolling and Margination
  2. Adhesion
  3. Transmigration
  4. Chemotaxis and Activation
  5. Phagocytosis and Degranulation
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20
Q

What do adhesion and transmigration have in common?

A
  1. Both processes involve mediating molecules on cell surfaces
  2. Integrins on leukocytes, selectins on endothelial cells
21
Q

Where does rolling and margination occur?

A

Post-capillary venules

22
Q

What is rolling?

A

Rolling of the leukocytes along vessel walls due to loose and transient adhesion between the leukocytes and endothelial cells

23
Q

What causes margination?

A

The small RBCs tend to move through the middle of the vessel leading to the leukocytes traveling against the vessel wall
This increases viscosity of the blood

24
Q

What is adhesion?

A

Leukocytes firmly adhere to endothelial cells

25
Q

What is transmigration?

A

Leukocytes squeeze between cells and intercellular junctions
They cross basement membranes by degrading them with collagenases
Moving into interstitial space is called diapedesis

26
Q

For transmigration, different leukocytes take different amount of time to move in different situations. What type of leukocytes moves in which situation and about how long does each take?

A

Neutrophils - move in acute situations - 6 to 24 hours

Monocytes - move in chronic situation - >24 hours

27
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Movement of WBCs toward site of injury due to chemical attraction

28
Q

What are 3 chemotaxis agents?

A
  1. Soluble bacterial products
  2. Leukotrienes
  3. Cytokines
29
Q

How do cells move by chemotaxis?

A

Binding of chemotactic molecule to receptors triggers a reaction to cause movement by pseudopods.

30
Q

What are the 3 steps of phagocytosis and degranulation?

A
  1. Recognition and attachment of leukocyte and inflammatory agent
  2. Engulfment and formation of phagocytic vacuole
  3. Killing and digestion of ingested material
31
Q

What are 3 general principles of chemical mediators of acute inflammation?

A
  1. Can be produced by cells at the site of the injury
  2. Can be circulating in the plasma
  3. Some may work as enzymes
32
Q

What are 3 types of chemical mediators?

A
  1. Vasoactive amines
  2. Neuropeptides
  3. Plasma proteases
33
Q

What are two examples of vasoactive amines and what is their function?

A
  1. Histamine
  2. Seratonin

Both increase vascular permeability due to endothelial contraction and cause vasodilation

34
Q

What are neuropeptides?

A

Small proteins released from nerve fibers that have similar effects to vasoactive amines

35
Q

The Hageman factor becomes activated by exposure to what 3 things?

A
  1. Collagen
  2. Basement membrane
  3. Activated platelets
36
Q

What 3 things are linked by the initial activation of Hageman factor?

A
  1. Kinins
  2. The clotting cascade
  3. The compliment cascade
37
Q

Bradykinin is formed as a result of the activation of what system?

A

The kinin system

38
Q

What are 3 functions of Bradykinin?

A
  1. Increase vascular permeability
  2. Arteriolar dilation
  3. Bronchial smooth muscle dilation
39
Q

What does activation of the clotting system result in?

A

The activation of Thrombin

40
Q

What does thrombin cause?

A

The conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin.

41
Q

What is the compliment system?

A

A cascade of proteins in the plasma that play a big role in immunity and inflammation.

42
Q

What are three examples of eicosanoids?

A
  1. Leukotrienes
  2. Prostaglandins
  3. Lipoxins
43
Q

What 4 steps of inflammation can eicosanoids mediate?

A
  1. Vasodilation
  2. Vasoconstriction
  3. Platelet aggregation
  4. Chemotaxis
44
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Polypeptide products that are released from activated lymphocytes and macrophages that function to regulate the function of other cells.

45
Q

What are chemokines?

A

Small chain polypeptides that act as activators and chemo-attractants of leukocytes

46
Q

What are 2 outcomes of acute inflammation?

A
  1. Resolution

2. Scarring or Fibrosis

47
Q

What are some characteristics of resolution of acute inflammation?

A
  1. Short lived
  2. Minimal damage
  3. Recovery/ replacement of damaged cells
  4. Removal of necrotic debris/ clearance of edema
  5. Little loss of function
48
Q

What are some characteristics of scarring/ fibrosis resulting from acute inflammation?

A
  1. Substantial damage, regeneration not possible
  2. Fibrinous exudates collect and are not removed
  3. Increase in fibroblast activity
  4. Abscess formation (usually results from microbes)

General Pathology (16 decks)

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