Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

General Pathology > 1 - Introduction, Cell Adaptation (Exam 1) > Flashcards

1 - Introduction, Cell Adaptation (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 divisions of pathology?

A
  1. General Pathology - changes that occur at a molecular, cellular, and tissue level due to disease
  2. Systemic Pathology - changes that specialized organs within organ systems have due to disease.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are 8 common causes of cell injury?

A
  1. Infectious agents
  2. Genetic defects
  3. Oxygen deprivation
  4. Chemical agent exposure (exogenous/endogenous)
  5. Physical agent exposure
  6. Nutritional imbalance
  7. Immunologic Reactions
  8. Aging
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are 4 forms of cell adaptation?

A
  1. Atrophy
  2. Hypertrophy
  3. Hyperplasia
  4. Metaplasia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Shrinkage in the size of a cell due to loss of cell substances. Protein degradation plays an important role.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are 6 causes of atrophy?

A
  1. Reduction in blood supply
  2. Loss of nerve innervation
  3. Decrease in workload
  4. Reduction in nutrition
  5. Reduction in endocrine stimulation
  6. Aging
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Increase in the size of a cell, can be either physiologic or pathologic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are 2 examples of causes of physiologic hypertrophy?

A
  1. Skeletal muscle cells enlarge as a result of increase in functional demand such as exercise.
  2. Uterine enlargement during pregnancy due to estrogen stimulation.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are 2 main causes of pathologic hypertrophy?

A
  1. Genetic defects (example - hypertrophic cardiomyopathy)

2. Secondary abnormal hormonal stimulation (example - Cushings Disease secondary to overproduction of ACTH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is an ocular example of pathologic hypertrophy?

A

Congenital Hypertrophy of the Retinal Pigmented Epithelium (CHRPE)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

An increase of the number of cells in an organ or tissue. Can be physiologic or pathologic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 2 divisions of physiologic hyperplasia?

A
  1. Hormonal hyperplasia

2. Compensatory Hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is hormonal hyperplasia?

A

Cell count increase with hormone stimulation, common in mammary tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is compensatory hyperplasia?

A

New cells replacing lost cells, common with hepatocytes of the liver.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a typical cause of hormonal hyperplasia?

A

Excess hormonal/growth factor stimulation (example - papillomavirus causing tropic stimulation of skin cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

A reversible change in which an adult cell is replaced by another adult cell type, more common in epithelial cells or connective tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why does metaplasia occur?

A

To make the tissue more able to withstand stresses, may result in a loss of some function.

17
Q

What are 2 examples of metaplasia?

A
  1. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium in the respiratory tract.
  2. Transformation of non-bone connective tissue into bone.
18
Q

What are the 2 types of Cell Injury?

A
  1. Reversible

2. Non-Reversible

19
Q

What are reversible cell injuries?

A

Non lethal, where cells can return to normal function after the injury.

20
Q

What are non-reversible cell injuries?

A

Lethal, cells die and therefore can not return to normal function.

21
Q

What are the 2 types of non-reversible cell injuries?

A
  1. Necrosis

2. Apoptosis

22
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Cell death occurring most often after loss of blood supply, may cause severe tissue dysfunction.

23
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Death of cells by way of programmed death process, normal, and results in minimal tissue dysfunction.

24
Q

Hypoxia and Anoxia are 2 types of ‘inadequate oxygenation’, how are they different?

A

Hypoxia is a reduction of oxygen

Anoxia is the complete absence of oxygen

25
Q

What are 3 respiratory causes of inadequate oxygenation?

A
  1. Inadequate ventilation
  2. Reduction in functional respiratory surface (example - pneumonia)
  3. Elevation change
26
Q

What are 3 vascular causes of inadequate oxygenation?

A
  1. Anemia - reduction in oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
  2. Poisoning - CO binding to hemoglobin
  3. Ischemia - reduction in blood supply to tissue (most common cause)
27
Q

What are examples of infectious agents?

A

Microbes and parasites, such as:

Viruses, prions, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths

28
Q

What are examples of chemical agents?

A

Toxins, such as:
Pollution, insecticides, and drugs.
Also, high enough concentration of things like oxygen, glucose, and salts can change cell/tissue osmolarity.

29
Q

What are the two types of reactions associated with Chemical Agents?

A
  1. Physical reaction

2. Chemical reaction

30
Q

What are examples of genetic defects that cause cell injury?

A
  1. Congenital malformations
  2. Teratogenic effects (from drugs that cause abnormal fetal development)
  3. Neoplasia (tumors)
31
Q

Immunologic reactions are meant to protect the body. What are 2 types of immunologic reactions that may cause cell injury?

A
  1. Hypersensitivity/anaphylaxis

2. Autoimmune disease

32
Q

What are the 5 types of physical agents that result in cell injury?

A
  1. Mechanical (trauma)
  2. Radiation
  3. Electrical shock
  4. Temperature extremes
  5. Changes in atmospheric pressure
33
Q

What are the two types of nutritional imbalances?

A
  1. Deficiency

2. Excess

34
Q

What 3 types of nutritional deficiency will cause cell injury?

A
  1. Protein - caloric
  2. Vitamins
  3. Minerals
35
Q

What 4 types of nutritional excess will cause cell injury?

A
  1. Vitamins
  2. Iron
  3. Calcium
  4. Fat - very common in the USA
36
Q

How is aging related to cell injury?

A

Cells lose the ability to divide and grow

Structure and function of cells change over time, leads to a reduce capacity to respond to injury

General Pathology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions