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General Pathology > 5 - Hemodynamic Disorders, Thromboembolic Disease and Shock (Exam 1) > Flashcards

5 - Hemodynamic Disorders, Thromboembolic Disease and Shock (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 things does normal fluid homeostasis require?

A
  1. Normal intravascular pressure
  2. Normal intravascular osmolarity
  3. Vessel wall integrity
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2
Q

What are 4 major pathophysiologic categories of edema?

A
  1. Increased hydrostatic pressure
  2. Reduced plasma oncotic pressure
  3. Lymphatic obstruction
  4. Inflammation
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3
Q

What are 2 types of increases in hydrostatic pressure within the vascular system?

A
  1. Localized

2. Generalized

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4
Q

What is localized increase in hydrostatic pressure?

A

Obstruction or impaired venous outflow from tissue
More common in lower extremities
Pressure applied great enough to obstruct veins but not arteries

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5
Q

What is generalized increase in hydrostatic pressure?

A

Due to increased venous pressure

Congestive heart failure affects right ventricular function

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6
Q

What is reduced osmotic pressure of the plasma often due to?

A

Reduction in plasma colloid

Albumen is most important in maintaining colloid osmotic pressure

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7
Q

What causes lymphedema?

A

Lymphatic obstruction

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8
Q

What are 7 causes of lymphatic obstruction?

A
  1. Inflammatory Obstruction
  2. Damage to normal drain routes
  3. Neoplastic obstructive disease
  4. External pressure or internal neoplastic growth
  5. Parasitic disease
  6. Migration of nematode microfilaria (Filariasis)
  7. Elephantiasis
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9
Q

What is pitting edema?

A

Swelling that can be pushed out of interstitial space

Leaves an indentation after pressure is released

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10
Q

What is dependent edema?

A

Moves in interstitial spaces with gravitational forces

Seen in the lower portions of the body

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11
Q

What is anasarce?

A

Generalized edema

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12
Q

What is hyperemia?

A

Increased blood volume to tissue due to arteriolar dilation due to increased demand
Can also abnormally be due to inflammatory response

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13
Q

What is congestion?

A

Passive process that results from decreased outflow

May lead to cyanosis (blue tissue)

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14
Q

What are 3 causes of hemorrhage?

A
  1. Trauma
  2. Inflammatory erosion
  3. Neoplastic erosion
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15
Q

What are the 3 patterns of hemorrhage?

A
  1. External
  2. Internal
  3. Hematoma (Bruise)
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16
Q

What are petechiae?

A

1-2 mm diameter red spots due to low platelet counts

small hemorrhages

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17
Q

What are purpura?

A

> 3mm diameter red spots due to low platelet counts
Usually seen subcutaneously with bruising
small hemorrhages

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18
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

Blood-stay

Normal function, very important for survival

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19
Q

What is the platelet function in homeostasis?

A

Activated by exposure to subendothelial extracellular matrix
Adhesion to matrix followed by change in shape
Release reaction and aggregation

20
Q

What are 3 disorders of platelets?

A
  1. Thrombocytopenia
  2. Thrombocytosis
  3. Thrombocytopathia
21
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

A decrease in the number of circulating platelets

22
Q

What is thrombocytopathia?

A 
Reduction in platelet function
Results in hemorrhage of mucus membranes
Bruising from minimal trauma
Hyphema of the eye
Increased menses flow
Can be genetic (primary) or from drugs (secondary)
23
Q

What 3 things are thrombocytopenia associated with?

A
  1. Decreased bone marrow megakaryocyte activity
  2. Increased pooling in the spleen
  3. Decreased survival of platelets
24
Q

What is 1 treatment of thrombocytopenia?

A

Removal of the spleen

Often results in the return of normal platelet counts

25
Q

What is thrombocytosis?

A

Excess circulating platelets

26
Q

What are 5 causes of thrombocytosis?

A
  1. Idiopathic
  2. Bone marrow hyperplasia
  3. Neoplasia
  4. Inflammatory disease
  5. Trauma
27
Q

What are 3 clinical manifestations of thrombocytosis?

A
  1. Thrombosis/ infarction
  2. Thromboemboli
  3. Disseminated intravascular coagulation
28
Q

What are 3 primary causes of thrombosis?

A
  1. Endothelial cell injury (most common cause)
  2. Stasis or turbulence of blood flow
  3. Blood hypercoagulability
29
Q

What type of thrombosis occurs on heart valves?

A

Vegetative infectious endocarditis

30
Q

What are the most common type of thrombi? How fast do they form and where?

A

Venous thrombi

They tend to form slowly in lower extremities

31
Q

What is propagation of a thrombus?

A

Accumulation of platelets that eventually causes vessel obstruction

32
Q

What is embolization?

A

Dislodging and transportation of the emboli to other areas of the vasculature, can cause fatal damage

33
Q

What is dissolution?

A

Thrombus removed by fibrinolysis activity

34
Q

What are 3 fates of thrombi?

A
  1. Propagation
  2. Embolization
  3. Dissolution
35
Q

What is an embolism?

A

Detached intravascular mass carried by blood away from its origin. Most are associated with a thrombus

36
Q

What are 6 types of emboli that do not originate from a thrombus?

A
  1. Fat
  2. Tumor fragments
  3. Amniotic fluid
  4. Air
  5. Nitrogen
  6. Atherosclerotic
37
Q

What is an infarction?

A

Ischemia that occurs downstream from vessel blockage

38
Q

What is a systemic thromboembolism?

A

Emboli traveling in the arterial circulation, many of which originate from the heart

39
Q

What is a fat embolism?

A

As it sounds, fat globules from tissue in the circulation

Common after broken bones, about 10% of fat emboli cases are fatal

40
Q

What is an air embolism?

A

Usually results from injury
Also associated with decompression sickness (scuba)
Treatment includes compression chamber to force nitrogen back into the blood

41
Q

What is shock?

A

Vascular collapse due to sudden reduction in cardiac output or large blood loss

42
Q

What are the 3 types of shock?

A
  1. Cardiogenic shock
  2. Hypovolemic shock
  3. Septic shock
43
Q

What is cardiogenic shock?

A

Shock caused by heart failure

44
Q

What is hypovolemic shock?

A

Shock caused by loss of blood volume such as:
hemorrhage
dehydration
trauma

45
Q

What is septic shock?

A

Shock resulting from systemic microbial infection

Endotoxin causes widespread vasodilation, sudden drop in blood pressure

General Pathology (16 decks)

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