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General Pathology > 5 - Hemodynamic Disorders, Thromboembolic Disease and Shock (Exam 1) > Flashcards

5 - Hemodynamic Disorders, Thromboembolic Disease and Shock (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 things does normal fluid homeostasis require?

A
  1. Normal intravascular pressure
  2. Normal intravascular osmolarity
  3. Vessel wall integrity
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2
Q

What are 4 major pathophysiologic categories of edema?

A
  1. Increased hydrostatic pressure
  2. Reduced plasma oncotic pressure
  3. Lymphatic obstruction
  4. Inflammation
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3
Q

What are 2 types of increases in hydrostatic pressure within the vascular system?

A
  1. Localized

2. Generalized

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4
Q

What is localized increase in hydrostatic pressure?

A

Obstruction or impaired venous outflow from tissue
More common in lower extremities
Pressure applied great enough to obstruct veins but not arteries

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5
Q

What is generalized increase in hydrostatic pressure?

A

Due to increased venous pressure

Congestive heart failure affects right ventricular function

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6
Q

What is reduced osmotic pressure of the plasma often due to?

A

Reduction in plasma colloid

Albumen is most important in maintaining colloid osmotic pressure

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7
Q

What causes lymphedema?

A

Lymphatic obstruction

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8
Q

What are 7 causes of lymphatic obstruction?

A
  1. Inflammatory Obstruction
  2. Damage to normal drain routes
  3. Neoplastic obstructive disease
  4. External pressure or internal neoplastic growth
  5. Parasitic disease
  6. Migration of nematode microfilaria (Filariasis)
  7. Elephantiasis
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9
Q

What is pitting edema?

A

Swelling that can be pushed out of interstitial space

Leaves an indentation after pressure is released

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10
Q

What is dependent edema?

A

Moves in interstitial spaces with gravitational forces

Seen in the lower portions of the body

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11
Q

What is anasarce?

A

Generalized edema

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12
Q

What is hyperemia?

A

Increased blood volume to tissue due to arteriolar dilation due to increased demand
Can also abnormally be due to inflammatory response

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13
Q

What is congestion?

A

Passive process that results from decreased outflow

May lead to cyanosis (blue tissue)

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14
Q

What are 3 causes of hemorrhage?

A
  1. Trauma
  2. Inflammatory erosion
  3. Neoplastic erosion
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15
Q

What are the 3 patterns of hemorrhage?

A
  1. External
  2. Internal
  3. Hematoma (Bruise)
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16
Q

What are petechiae?

A

1-2 mm diameter red spots due to low platelet counts

small hemorrhages

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17
Q

What are purpura?

A

> 3mm diameter red spots due to low platelet counts
Usually seen subcutaneously with bruising
small hemorrhages

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18
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

Blood-stay

Normal function, very important for survival

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19
Q

What is the platelet function in homeostasis?

A

Activated by exposure to subendothelial extracellular matrix
Adhesion to matrix followed by change in shape
Release reaction and aggregation

20
Q

What are 3 disorders of platelets?

A
  1. Thrombocytopenia
  2. Thrombocytosis
  3. Thrombocytopathia
21
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

A decrease in the number of circulating platelets

22
Q

What is thrombocytopathia?

A 
Reduction in platelet function
Results in hemorrhage of mucus membranes
Bruising from minimal trauma
Hyphema of the eye
Increased menses flow
Can be genetic (primary) or from drugs (secondary)
23
Q

What 3 things are thrombocytopenia associated with?

A
  1. Decreased bone marrow megakaryocyte activity
  2. Increased pooling in the spleen
  3. Decreased survival of platelets
24
Q

What is 1 treatment of thrombocytopenia?

A

Removal of the spleen

Often results in the return of normal platelet counts

25
What is thrombocytosis?
Excess circulating platelets
26
What are 5 causes of thrombocytosis?
1. Idiopathic 2. Bone marrow hyperplasia 3. Neoplasia 4. Inflammatory disease 5. Trauma
27
What are 3 clinical manifestations of thrombocytosis?
1. Thrombosis/ infarction 2. Thromboemboli 3. Disseminated intravascular coagulation
28
What are 3 primary causes of thrombosis?
1. Endothelial cell injury (most common cause) 2. Stasis or turbulence of blood flow 3. Blood hypercoagulability
29
What type of thrombosis occurs on heart valves?
Vegetative infectious endocarditis
30
What are the most common type of thrombi? How fast do they form and where?
Venous thrombi | They tend to form slowly in lower extremities
31
What is propagation of a thrombus?
Accumulation of platelets that eventually causes vessel obstruction
32
What is embolization?
Dislodging and transportation of the emboli to other areas of the vasculature, can cause fatal damage
33
What is dissolution?
Thrombus removed by fibrinolysis activity
34
What are 3 fates of thrombi?
1. Propagation 2. Embolization 3. Dissolution
35
What is an embolism?
Detached intravascular mass carried by blood away from its origin. Most are associated with a thrombus
36
What are 6 types of emboli that do not originate from a thrombus?
1. Fat 2. Tumor fragments 3. Amniotic fluid 4. Air 5. Nitrogen 6. Atherosclerotic
37
What is an infarction?
Ischemia that occurs downstream from vessel blockage
38
What is a systemic thromboembolism?
Emboli traveling in the arterial circulation, many of which originate from the heart
39
What is a fat embolism?
As it sounds, fat globules from tissue in the circulation | Common after broken bones, about 10% of fat emboli cases are fatal
40
What is an air embolism?
Usually results from injury Also associated with decompression sickness (scuba) Treatment includes compression chamber to force nitrogen back into the blood
41
What is shock?
Vascular collapse due to sudden reduction in cardiac output or large blood loss
42
What are the 3 types of shock?
1. Cardiogenic shock 2. Hypovolemic shock 3. Septic shock
43
What is cardiogenic shock?
Shock caused by heart failure
44
What is hypovolemic shock?
Shock caused by loss of blood volume such as: hemorrhage dehydration trauma
45
What is septic shock?
Shock resulting from systemic microbial infection | Endotoxin causes widespread vasodilation, sudden drop in blood pressure

General Pathology (16 decks)

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