11 - Respiratory Tract and Lung Diseases (Exam 3) Flashcards
What are the 2 major functions of the respiratory tract?
- Gas exchange site
2. Secondary maintenance of normal pH
What is atelectasis?
Collapse of the lung
What are the 4 categories of atelectasis?
- Compression atelectasis
- Resorption atelectasis
- Microatelectasis
- Contraction atelectasis
What is compression atelectasis caused by?
Compression of lungs by material in pleural
What is resorption atelectasis most commonly caused by?
Obstruction of bronchus by mucous or muco-purulent plug
What is another name for microatelectasis?
Neonatal lung
What is microatelectasis caused by?
Loss of surfactant
What is contraction atelectasis caused by?
Fibrotic changes that interfere with expansion
What is true of all obstructive lung diseases?
Airflow to gas exchange surfaces is limited due to partial or complete obstruction of the airway
Forced vital capacity is normal
Expiratory flow rate is decreased
What are 6 types of obstructive lung diseases?
- Asthma
- Emphysema
- Chronic bronchitis
- Cystic fibrosis
- Brochioectasis
- Bronchiolitis
What is asthma?
Episodic bronchiospasms resulting from an exaggerated broncho-restrictor response
Common in the general population
What are 2 types of asthma?
- Extrinsic asthma
2. Intrinsic asthma
Which type of asthma is more well understood?
Extrinsic asthma
What are 5 clinical signs of asthma?
- Dyspnea (abnormal breath)
- Wheezing
- Difficulty with expiration
- Hypercapnea
- Acidosis
What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
Airflow obstruction resulting in difficulty with expiration
Known as COPD for short
What are 2 causes of COPD that commonly coexist?
- Chronic bronchitis
2. Emphysema
What is emphysema?
Destruction of the airspace walls distal to the terminal bronchioles
What type of people most commonly have emphysema? Do they usually have symptoms?
Smokers
Usually asymptomatic
What are 2 types of emphysema, and where is each more common?
- Centriacinar emphysema (upper lung lobes)
2. Panacinar emphysema (lower lung lobes)
What are 6 clinical signs of emphysema?
- Dyspnea
- Cough and wheezing (from chronic bronchitis)
- Weight loss
- Prolonged expiration
- Changes in posture (to help squeeze air out)
- Hypoxia (resulting in cyanosis)
Where is heart failure likely with emphysema and why?
Right side heart failure
Due to increased resistance to blood flow in lung tissue
What are 3 forms of chronic bronchitis?
- Simple chronic bronchitis
- Chronic mucopurulent bronchitis
- Chronic asthmatic bronchitis
What is bronchiectasis?
Permanent dilation of bronchi and bronchioles
Due to destruction of muscle and elastic tissue
What areas of the lung does bronchiectasis usually affect?
Dependent areas
Such as inferior aspect
What is restrictive lung disease also called?
Interstitial lung disease
What is restrictive lung disease characterized by?
Reduced compliance
What is acute restrictive lung disease?
RLD with acute onset
Diffuse alveolar damage is caused
What are 5 possible causes of ARDs?
- Infection
- Physical injury
- Inhaled irritants
- Chemical injury
- Uremia
What is chronic restrictive lung disease?
RLD that develops over time from low grade inflammation
What are 2 causes of CRLDs?
- Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
2. Sarcoidosis
What is hypersensitivity pneumonitis also known as?
Allergic alveolitis
Where are most emboli of vascular lung diseases found?
In veins as right-sided cardiac thrombi
In what type of people are vascular lung diseases very common?
Hospitalized patients
Due to factors such as prolonged bed rest
How are pneumonias classified?
- By type of microbe
- By location
- By type of occurence
How do lobar and lobular pneumonias differ?
Lobar - entire lobe
Lobular - part of one lobe
What is bronchopneumonia?
Pneumonia involving more than one lobe
Patchy distribution of inflammation
What is interstitial pneumonia also known as?
Pneumonitis
What tissues does interstitial pneumonia deal with?
Alveoli and interstitial tissue
What is the difference between primary and secondary pneumonia?
Primary - Associated with direct pathogen inhalation
Secondary - Occurs after lungs have been damaged
What is pneumoconiosis associated with?
Reaction to the inhalation of inorganic dust
What are 4 examples of inorganic dusts that may cause pneumoconiosis?
- Coal dust
- Silica
- Beryllium
- Asbestos
What disease is associated with breathing in coal dust?
Black lung
also known as anthracosis
What forms of silica are most reactive and which are least reactive?
Most - Crystalline (such as quartz)
Least - Non crystalline (such as talc)
What does inhalation of silica cause?
Silicosis
What does inhalation of beryllium cause?
Berylliosis
What are industries commonly associated with berylliosis?
Nuclear
Aerospace
What does inhalation of asbestos cause?
Asbestosis
What is the primary pulmonary neoplasia associated with smoking and asbestos exposure?
Bronchial carcinoma
What disease is associated with exposure to asbestos and has a very long latent period?
Malignant mesothelioma
