11 - Respiratory Tract and Lung Diseases (Exam 3) Flashcards
What are the 2 major functions of the respiratory tract?
- Gas exchange site
2. Secondary maintenance of normal pH
What is atelectasis?
Collapse of the lung
What are the 4 categories of atelectasis?
- Compression atelectasis
- Resorption atelectasis
- Microatelectasis
- Contraction atelectasis
What is compression atelectasis caused by?
Compression of lungs by material in pleural
What is resorption atelectasis most commonly caused by?
Obstruction of bronchus by mucous or muco-purulent plug
What is another name for microatelectasis?
Neonatal lung
What is microatelectasis caused by?
Loss of surfactant
What is contraction atelectasis caused by?
Fibrotic changes that interfere with expansion
What is true of all obstructive lung diseases?
Airflow to gas exchange surfaces is limited due to partial or complete obstruction of the airway
Forced vital capacity is normal
Expiratory flow rate is decreased
What are 6 types of obstructive lung diseases?
- Asthma
- Emphysema
- Chronic bronchitis
- Cystic fibrosis
- Brochioectasis
- Bronchiolitis
What is asthma?
Episodic bronchiospasms resulting from an exaggerated broncho-restrictor response
Common in the general population
What are 2 types of asthma?
- Extrinsic asthma
2. Intrinsic asthma
Which type of asthma is more well understood?
Extrinsic asthma
What are 5 clinical signs of asthma?
- Dyspnea (abnormal breath)
- Wheezing
- Difficulty with expiration
- Hypercapnea
- Acidosis
What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
Airflow obstruction resulting in difficulty with expiration
Known as COPD for short
What are 2 causes of COPD that commonly coexist?
- Chronic bronchitis
2. Emphysema
What is emphysema?
Destruction of the airspace walls distal to the terminal bronchioles
What type of people most commonly have emphysema? Do they usually have symptoms?
Smokers
Usually asymptomatic
What are 2 types of emphysema, and where is each more common?
- Centriacinar emphysema (upper lung lobes)
2. Panacinar emphysema (lower lung lobes)