4 - Chronic Inflammation and Tissue Repair (Exam 1) Flashcards
What is chronic inflammation?
Active inflammation of prolonged duration - weeks, months, years.
What are 3 characteristics of chronic inflammation?
- Tissue destruction
- Infiltration of mononuclear cells (WBCs)
- Repair, including angiogenesis and fibrosis
What are 2 ways chronic inflammation can form from acute inflammation?
- Continued presence of injurious agent
2. Interference to the normal healing process
What are 3 common causes of chronic inflammation?
- Persistent microbial infection
- Autoimmune disease
- Prolonged exposure to toxic agents (non-degradable exogenous materials, asbestos, silica)
What are 2 examples of autoimmune disease that cause chronic inflammation?
- Rheumatoid arthritis
2. Multiple Sclerosis
What are 5 types of chronic inflammatory cells?
- Macrophages
- Lymphocytes
- Plasma cells
- Eosinophils
- Mast cells
What are the primary cells of chronic inflammation?
Macrophages - monocytes that have left the circulation
What are 2 examples of mediators that activate macrophages?
- Cytokines
2. Microbial antigens
What are 5 byproducts produced by macrophages that result in tissue injury?
- Reactive oxygen species
- Eicosanoids
- Cytokines
- Complement components
- Proteases
What is granulomatous inflammation?
A form of chronic inflammation, associated with collections of activated macrophages. They assume a flattened shape and can be surrounded by a collar of lymphocytes and plasma cells.
What are 3 characteristics of granulomatous inflammation?
- Central necrosis due to hypoxia
- Granuloma tends to “wall off” the infection
- Presents difficulty with antibiotic treatments
What are 2 common categories of cause for granuloma formation?
- Immune granuloma
2. Microorganisms, parasites, or fungal agents
What types of microorganisms tend to cause granuloma formation?
Facultative or obligate intracellular pathogens
What are 4 examples of bacteria that cause granuloma formation?
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Tuberculosis)
- Treponem pallidum (Syphalitic Gumma)
- Mycobacterium leprae (Leprosy)
- Bartonella henselae (Cat scratch disease)
What is 1 example of a parasite that causes granuloma formation?
Schistosomiasis