8. memory Flashcards
What is the origin of the word ‘Memory’?
The Latin term ‘memoria’ and ‘memor’, meaning “mindful” and “remembering”.
What does the process of memory involve?
The process of maintaining information over time.
What is the role of memory in consciousness?
Memory provides continuity for consciousness.
What are the three stages of memory processes?
Encoding, Storage, Retrieval.
What is encoding in memory?
The process of converting sensory information from the environment into a form that can be registered in the memory system.
What is storage in memory?
The process of converting incoming information into permanent records for later access.
What is retrieval in memory?
The process of locating and bringing stored information into consciousness.
What can interrupt the stages of memory and cause forgetting?
Interruptions at any stage can affect forthcoming stages and result in forgetting.
What is the Information Processing Model of memory?
A model that likens human memory to a computer system, involving stages of encoding, storage, and retrieval.
What are the three systems of memory proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin?
Sensory Memory, Short-term Memory, Long-term Memory.
What is Sensory Memory?
A memory system with large capacity that holds incoming sensory information for less than a second.
What is Short-term Memory?
A memory system that holds limited information for a brief period of time, less than 30 seconds.
What are maintenance and elaborative rehearsal?
Maintenance rehearsal involves repetition of information, while elaborative rehearsal involves forming connections with previously learned material.
What is Long-term Memory?
A memory system with vast capacity for storing information permanently.
What is Implicit Memory?
Unconscious memory or automatic memory, such as procedural tasks like walking.
What is Explicit Memory?
Declarative memory requiring conscious recall of previous experiences and information.
What is Episodic Memory?
Memory for personal experiences and specific events.
What is Semantic Memory?
Organized knowledge that is general in nature.
What did Hermann Ebbinghaus study?
The nature of forgetting using nonsense syllables or CVC trigrams.
What is the Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve?
A model showing the rate of forgetting, which is maximum in the first nine hours, especially the first hour.
What is the Trace Decay theory of forgetting?
A theory stating that memory traces fade away if not used for a long time.
What is the Interference theory of forgetting?
Forgetting occurs due to interference between old and new information.
What is Proactive Interference?
When old information interferes with the recall of new information.
What is Retroactive Interference?
When new information interferes with the recall of old information.
What is the Keyword Method for enhancing memory?
Using similar sounding words of an already known language to remember new information.
What is the Method of Loci?
A technique where items to remember are associated with physical locations.
What is Mnemonics using organization?
Imposing order on the material to make retrieval easier.
What is Chunking?
Combining smaller units into larger chunks to increase memory capacity.
How can you minimize interference?
Avoid learning similar subjects consecutively and take rest periods.
What are retrieval cues?
Cues that help in recalling information during the retrieval process.
What does PQRST stand for?
Preview, Question, Read, Self-recitation, and Test.
