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12th Standard Psychology > 5. Basic statistics > Flashcards

5. Basic statistics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the role of numbers in our daily lives?

A

Numbers help us understand various aspects like temperature, weather, height, weight, blood pressure, etc., and allow us to compare ourselves with others.

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2
Q

Why is understanding basic statistics crucial?

A

It helps us understand and compare data, enhancing the understanding of research results.

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3
Q

What is statistics?

A

Statistics is a branch of Mathematics that deals with selection, classification, tabulation, organization, and analysis of numerical facts.

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4
Q

Why is statistics indispensable in psychology?

A

Statistics consists of various techniques to organize, summarize, and interpret raw data, making the information more meaningful.

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5
Q

What do psychologists rely on statistical applications for?

A

To establish the reliability, validity, and norms of a test and to make collected information more comprehensive.

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6
Q

What are the three types of central tendency?

A

Mean, median, and mode.

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7
Q

What is mean?

A

The simple average of all items in a series.

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8
Q

How is mean calculated?

A

Sum of all observations divided by the number of observations.

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of mean?

A

It is simple, easy to understand, takes all observations into consideration, and is sensitive to extreme values.

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10
Q

What is median?

A

A measure of central tendency that reflects a score dividing the distribution into half.

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11
Q

How is median calculated?

A

By adding the central most values and dividing by 2.

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of median?

A

It is simple, not affected by extreme scores, easy to understand, can be derived from incomplete data, but cannot be determined directly in even number observations.

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13
Q

What is mode?

A

The mode has the highest frequency in the distribution.

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14
Q

How is mode determined?

A

By the maximum number of entries/scores.

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of mode?

A

Easy to calculate and understand, used in daily life, and not affected by extreme values.

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16
Q

What is a frequency distribution?

A

A way to show data in a tabular form for better understanding.

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17
Q

What are the types of graphical representation of data?

A

Bar diagram, histogram, frequency polygon, and pie chart.

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18
Q

What is raw data?

A

Unorganized information collected by researchers.

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19
Q

What is grouped data?

A

Data organized into various classes or groups.

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20
Q

What is an individual series?

A

Collected data in raw form listed singularly.

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21
Q

What is a discrete series?

A

Data organized into a frequency table without class intervals.

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22
Q

What is a grouped frequency distribution?

A

Data classified into different classes with a range, showing frequency against class intervals.

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23
Q

What is a bar diagram?

A

A graphical representation using bars of different heights.

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24
Q

What is a histogram?

A

A graphical representation using bars touching each other.

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25
Q

What is a frequency polygon?

A

A graphical representation using points connected by lines.

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26
Q

What is a pie chart?

A

A circular chart divided into sectors.

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27
Q

What are the key features of bar diagram, histogram, frequency polygon, and pie chart?

A

They provide visual comparison, easy interpretation, and clear presentation of data.

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28
Q

What are the limitations of graphical representation of data?

A

They can be misleading, oversimplify data, and may not show detailed insights.

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29
Q

How can you quickly find the location of the median?

A

Using the expression n+1 divided by 2.

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30
Q

What is the formula for calculating mean?

A

X = ΣF/N where ΣF is the sum of all frequencies, and N is the total number of entries.

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31
Q

How do you calculate the median if the number of entries is odd?

A

The median is the middle value of the ordered data.

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32
Q

How do you calculate the median if the number of entries is even?

A

The median is the average of the two middle values in the ordered data.

33
Q

What is the mode in the following series: 60, 48, 50, 60, 39, 50, 60, 27, 60, 42?

A

60, as the maximum number of children scored 60.

34
Q

What are the uses of mode in daily life?

A

Mode helps in identifying popular choices or common values.

35
Q

What are the advantages of using mean?

A

It considers all data points, is easy to calculate, and understand.

36
Q

What are the advantages of using median?

A

It is not affected by extreme scores and represents the midpoint.

37
Q

What are the advantages of using mode?

A

It is easy to calculate, understand, and not affected by extreme values.

38
Q

What is the difference between mean, median, and mode?

A

Mean is the average, median is the midpoint, and mode is the most frequent value.

39
Q

When is the mean value sensitive?

A

When there are extreme low or high scores in the dataset.

40
Q

How is raw data organized?

A

By categorizing it into classes or groups.

41
Q

What is the purpose of using statistics in research?

A

To enhance the understanding of research results and make data more meaningful.

42
Q

How does statistics help in prediction?

A

It helps in making informed predictions based on data analysis.

43
Q

What are the limitations of mean?

A

It is sensitive to extreme values and may not reflect data trends.

44
Q

What are the limitations of median?

A

It cannot be directly determined in even number observations.

45
Q

What are the limitations of mode?

A

It may not represent the data trend accurately.

46
Q

What is the significance of central tendency?

A

It reflects the significance of the entire data by calculating the average or central score.

47
Q

What is the importance of graphical representation of data?

A

It helps in comparing and understanding data easily.

48
Q

What is the formula for calculating median using n?

A

n+1 divided by 2.

49
Q

What is a tally bar in discrete series?

A

A mark used to count each occurrence in a frequency table.

50
Q

How is frequency represented in a discrete series?

A

By noting the number of times an item occurs.

51
Q

What is the importance of organizing raw data?

A

It enhances understanding and interpretation of the data.

52
Q

How is data presented in a frequency distribution?

A

By arranging items into various classes/groups based on similarities.

53
Q

What is a class interval in grouped data?

A

A range determining the class intervals in which observations fall.

54
Q

How is frequency shown in a grouped frequency distribution?

A

By noting the number of occurrences against each class interval.

55
Q

What does a frequency distribution table help us compare?

A

It helps compare different groups or categories within the data.

56
Q

What is the impact of extreme values on mean?

A

It rises or falls with extreme scores.

57
Q

How do you find the mean from a given set of data?

A

Sum all observations and divide by the number of observations.

58
Q

How do you find the median from a given set of data?

A

Arrange data in order and find the middle value or average of two middle values.

59
Q

How do you find the mode from a given set of data?

A

Identify the most frequently occurring value.

60
Q

What is the role of graphical representation in understanding data?

A

It aids in better understanding and comparison of data.

61
Q

Why is it important to consider the objective of research in statistics?

A

To ensure that the statistical analysis yields meaningful results.

62
Q

What is the difference between individual series and discrete series?

A

Individual series lists items singularly, while discrete series includes frequency of observations.

63
Q

How does a histogram differ from a bar diagram?

A

Histogram bars touch each other, bar diagram bars do not.

64
Q

How can you draw a frequency polygon?

A

By connecting points representing data values with straight lines.

65
Q

What are the relevant points to consider while graphically representing data?

A

Consider scale, clarity, accuracy, and relevance.

66
Q

What is the importance of calculating central tendency in psychology?

A

It helps in understanding and comparing psychological data.

67
Q

What does a pie chart represent?

A

Represents data as parts of a whole.

68
Q

How does a bar diagram represent data?

A

Uses bars to show frequency of data categories.

69
Q

What is the purpose of a frequency polygon?

A

Shows frequency distribution over continuous data.

70
Q

What are the key differences between raw data and grouped data?

A

Raw data is unorganized, grouped data is categorized into classes.

71
Q

How does a researcher use statistics to understand relationships between variables?

A

To examine and understand relationships between variables.

72
Q

What is the impact of incomplete data on median calculation?

A

Median can still be derived from incomplete data.

73
Q

How does a frequency table aid in data analysis?

A

It simplifies the understanding of data distribution.

74
Q

Why is mean not always reflective of data trends?

A

Extreme values can skew the mean.

75
Q

What are the steps to calculate mean, median, and mode?

A

Calculate the average, midpoint, and most frequent value respectively.

76
Q

What are some real-life applications of statistics in psychology?

A

To analyze psychological trends and behavior patterns.

77
Q

How do extreme scores affect the mean in a dataset?

A

Extreme scores can significantly alter the mean value.

78
Q

What is the purpose of using class intervals in grouped data?

A

To categorize data for easier analysis and interpretation.

12th Standard Psychology (11 decks)

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