5. Basic statistics Flashcards
What is the role of numbers in our daily lives?
Numbers help us understand various aspects like temperature, weather, height, weight, blood pressure, etc., and allow us to compare ourselves with others.
Why is understanding basic statistics crucial?
It helps us understand and compare data, enhancing the understanding of research results.
What is statistics?
Statistics is a branch of Mathematics that deals with selection, classification, tabulation, organization, and analysis of numerical facts.
Why is statistics indispensable in psychology?
Statistics consists of various techniques to organize, summarize, and interpret raw data, making the information more meaningful.
What do psychologists rely on statistical applications for?
To establish the reliability, validity, and norms of a test and to make collected information more comprehensive.
What are the three types of central tendency?
Mean, median, and mode.
What is mean?
The simple average of all items in a series.
How is mean calculated?
Sum of all observations divided by the number of observations.
What are the characteristics of mean?
It is simple, easy to understand, takes all observations into consideration, and is sensitive to extreme values.
What is median?
A measure of central tendency that reflects a score dividing the distribution into half.
How is median calculated?
By adding the central most values and dividing by 2.
What are the characteristics of median?
It is simple, not affected by extreme scores, easy to understand, can be derived from incomplete data, but cannot be determined directly in even number observations.
What is mode?
The mode has the highest frequency in the distribution.
How is mode determined?
By the maximum number of entries/scores.
What are the characteristics of mode?
Easy to calculate and understand, used in daily life, and not affected by extreme values.
What is a frequency distribution?
A way to show data in a tabular form for better understanding.
What are the types of graphical representation of data?
Bar diagram, histogram, frequency polygon, and pie chart.
What is raw data?
Unorganized information collected by researchers.
What is grouped data?
Data organized into various classes or groups.
What is an individual series?
Collected data in raw form listed singularly.
What is a discrete series?
Data organized into a frequency table without class intervals.
What is a grouped frequency distribution?
Data classified into different classes with a range, showing frequency against class intervals.
What is a bar diagram?
A graphical representation using bars of different heights.
What is a histogram?
A graphical representation using bars touching each other.
What is a frequency polygon?
A graphical representation using points connected by lines.
What is a pie chart?
A circular chart divided into sectors.
What are the key features of bar diagram, histogram, frequency polygon, and pie chart?
They provide visual comparison, easy interpretation, and clear presentation of data.
What are the limitations of graphical representation of data?
They can be misleading, oversimplify data, and may not show detailed insights.
How can you quickly find the location of the median?
Using the expression n+1 divided by 2.
What is the formula for calculating mean?
X = ΣF/N where ΣF is the sum of all frequencies, and N is the total number of entries.
How do you calculate the median if the number of entries is odd?
The median is the middle value of the ordered data.