5. Basic statistics

Question 1

What is the role of numbers in our daily lives?

Answer 1

Numbers help us understand various aspects like temperature, weather, height, weight, blood pressure, etc., and allow us to compare ourselves with others.

Question 2

Why is understanding basic statistics crucial?

Answer 2

It helps us understand and compare data, enhancing the understanding of research results.

Question 3

What is statistics?

Answer 3

Statistics is a branch of Mathematics that deals with selection, classification, tabulation, organization, and analysis of numerical facts.

Question 4

Why is statistics indispensable in psychology?

Answer 4

Statistics consists of various techniques to organize, summarize, and interpret raw data, making the information more meaningful.

Question 5

What do psychologists rely on statistical applications for?

Answer 5

To establish the reliability, validity, and norms of a test and to make collected information more comprehensive.

Question 6

What are the three types of central tendency?

Answer 6

Mean, median, and mode.

Question 7

What is mean?

Answer 7

The simple average of all items in a series.

Question 8

How is mean calculated?

Answer 8

Sum of all observations divided by the number of observations.

Question 9

What are the characteristics of mean?

Answer 9

It is simple, easy to understand, takes all observations into consideration, and is sensitive to extreme values.

Question 10

What is median?

Answer 10

A measure of central tendency that reflects a score dividing the distribution into half.

Question 11

How is median calculated?

Answer 11

By adding the central most values and dividing by 2.

Question 12

What are the characteristics of median?

Answer 12

It is simple, not affected by extreme scores, easy to understand, can be derived from incomplete data, but cannot be determined directly in even number observations.

Question 13

What is mode?

Answer 13

The mode has the highest frequency in the distribution.

Question 14

How is mode determined?

Answer 14

By the maximum number of entries/scores.

Question 15

What are the characteristics of mode?

Answer 15

Easy to calculate and understand, used in daily life, and not affected by extreme values.

Question 16

What is a frequency distribution?

Answer 16

A way to show data in a tabular form for better understanding.

Question 17

What are the types of graphical representation of data?

Answer 17

Bar diagram, histogram, frequency polygon, and pie chart.

Question 18

What is raw data?

Answer 18

Unorganized information collected by researchers.

Question 19

What is grouped data?

Answer 19

Data organized into various classes or groups.

Question 20

What is an individual series?

Answer 20

Collected data in raw form listed singularly.

Question 21

What is a discrete series?

Answer 21

Data organized into a frequency table without class intervals.

Question 22

What is a grouped frequency distribution?

Answer 22

Data classified into different classes with a range, showing frequency against class intervals.

Question 23

What is a bar diagram?

Answer 23

A graphical representation using bars of different heights.

Question 24

What is a histogram?

Answer 24

A graphical representation using bars touching each other.

Question 25

What is a frequency polygon?

Answer 25

A graphical representation using points connected by lines.

Question 26

What is a pie chart?

Answer 26

A circular chart divided into sectors.

Question 27

What are the key features of bar diagram, histogram, frequency polygon, and pie chart?

Answer 27

They provide visual comparison, easy interpretation, and clear presentation of data.

Question 28

What are the limitations of graphical representation of data?

Answer 28

They can be misleading, oversimplify data, and may not show detailed insights.

Question 29

How can you quickly find the location of the median?

Answer 29

Using the expression n+1 divided by 2.

Question 30

What is the formula for calculating mean?

Answer 30

X = ΣF/N where ΣF is the sum of all frequencies, and N is the total number of entries.

Question 31

How do you calculate the median if the number of entries is odd?

Answer 31

The median is the middle value of the ordered data.

Question 32

How do you calculate the median if the number of entries is even?

Answer 32

The median is the average of the two middle values in the ordered data.

Question 33

What is the mode in the following series: 60, 48, 50, 60, 39, 50, 60, 27, 60, 42?

Answer 33

60, as the maximum number of children scored 60.

Question 34

What are the uses of mode in daily life?

Answer 34

Mode helps in identifying popular choices or common values.

Question 35

What are the advantages of using mean?

Answer 35

It considers all data points, is easy to calculate, and understand.

Question 36

What are the advantages of using median?

Answer 36

It is not affected by extreme scores and represents the midpoint.

Question 37

What are the advantages of using mode?

Answer 37

It is easy to calculate, understand, and not affected by extreme values.

Question 38

What is the difference between mean, median, and mode?

Answer 38

Mean is the average, median is the midpoint, and mode is the most frequent value.

Question 39

When is the mean value sensitive?

Answer 39

When there are extreme low or high scores in the dataset.

Question 40

How is raw data organized?

Answer 40

By categorizing it into classes or groups.

Question 41

What is the purpose of using statistics in research?

Answer 41

To enhance the understanding of research results and make data more meaningful.

Question 42

How does statistics help in prediction?

Answer 42

It helps in making informed predictions based on data analysis.

Question 43

What are the limitations of mean?

Answer 43

It is sensitive to extreme values and may not reflect data trends.

Question 44

What are the limitations of median?

Answer 44

It cannot be directly determined in even number observations.

Question 45

What are the limitations of mode?

Answer 45

It may not represent the data trend accurately.

Question 46

What is the significance of central tendency?

Answer 46

It reflects the significance of the entire data by calculating the average or central score.

Question 47

What is the importance of graphical representation of data?

Answer 47

It helps in comparing and understanding data easily.

Question 48

What is the formula for calculating median using n?

Answer 48

n+1 divided by 2.

Question 49

What is a tally bar in discrete series?

Answer 49

A mark used to count each occurrence in a frequency table.

Question 50

How is frequency represented in a discrete series?

Answer 50

By noting the number of times an item occurs.

Question 51

What is the importance of organizing raw data?

Answer 51

It enhances understanding and interpretation of the data.

Question 52

How is data presented in a frequency distribution?

Answer 52

By arranging items into various classes/groups based on similarities.

Question 53

What is a class interval in grouped data?

Answer 53

A range determining the class intervals in which observations fall.

Question 54

How is frequency shown in a grouped frequency distribution?

Answer 54

By noting the number of occurrences against each class interval.

Question 55

What does a frequency distribution table help us compare?

Answer 55

It helps compare different groups or categories within the data.

Question 56

What is the impact of extreme values on mean?

Answer 56

It rises or falls with extreme scores.

Question 57

How do you find the mean from a given set of data?

Answer 57

Sum all observations and divide by the number of observations.

Question 58

How do you find the median from a given set of data?

Answer 58

Arrange data in order and find the middle value or average of two middle values.

Question 59

How do you find the mode from a given set of data?

Answer 59

Identify the most frequently occurring value.

Question 60

What is the role of graphical representation in understanding data?

Answer 60

It aids in better understanding and comparison of data.

Question 61

Why is it important to consider the objective of research in statistics?

Answer 61

To ensure that the statistical analysis yields meaningful results.

Question 62

What is the difference between individual series and discrete series?

Answer 62

Individual series lists items singularly, while discrete series includes frequency of observations.

Question 63

How does a histogram differ from a bar diagram?

Answer 63

Histogram bars touch each other, bar diagram bars do not.

Question 64

How can you draw a frequency polygon?

Answer 64

By connecting points representing data values with straight lines.

Question 65

What are the relevant points to consider while graphically representing data?

Answer 65

Consider scale, clarity, accuracy, and relevance.

Question 66

What is the importance of calculating central tendency in psychology?

Answer 66

It helps in understanding and comparing psychological data.

Question 67

What does a pie chart represent?

Answer 67

Represents data as parts of a whole.

Question 68

How does a bar diagram represent data?

Answer 68

Uses bars to show frequency of data categories.

Question 69

What is the purpose of a frequency polygon?

Answer 69

Shows frequency distribution over continuous data.

Question 70

What are the key differences between raw data and grouped data?

Answer 70

Raw data is unorganized, grouped data is categorized into classes.

Question 71

How does a researcher use statistics to understand relationships between variables?

Answer 71

To examine and understand relationships between variables.

Question 72

What is the impact of incomplete data on median calculation?

Answer 72

Median can still be derived from incomplete data.

Question 73

How does a frequency table aid in data analysis?

Answer 73

It simplifies the understanding of data distribution.

Question 74

Why is mean not always reflective of data trends?

Answer 74

Extreme values can skew the mean.

Question 75

What are the steps to calculate mean, median, and mode?

Answer 75

Calculate the average, midpoint, and most frequent value respectively.

Question 76

What are some real-life applications of statistics in psychology?

Answer 76

To analyze psychological trends and behavior patterns.

Question 77

How do extreme scores affect the mean in a dataset?

Answer 77

Extreme scores can significantly alter the mean value.

Question 78

What is the purpose of using class intervals in grouped data?

Answer 78

To categorize data for easier analysis and interpretation.