5. Basic statistics Flashcards
What is the role of numbers in our daily lives?
Numbers help us understand various aspects like temperature, weather, height, weight, blood pressure, etc., and allow us to compare ourselves with others.
Why is understanding basic statistics crucial?
It helps us understand and compare data, enhancing the understanding of research results.
What is statistics?
Statistics is a branch of Mathematics that deals with selection, classification, tabulation, organization, and analysis of numerical facts.
Why is statistics indispensable in psychology?
Statistics consists of various techniques to organize, summarize, and interpret raw data, making the information more meaningful.
What do psychologists rely on statistical applications for?
To establish the reliability, validity, and norms of a test and to make collected information more comprehensive.
What are the three types of central tendency?
Mean, median, and mode.
What is mean?
The simple average of all items in a series.
How is mean calculated?
Sum of all observations divided by the number of observations.
What are the characteristics of mean?
It is simple, easy to understand, takes all observations into consideration, and is sensitive to extreme values.
What is median?
A measure of central tendency that reflects a score dividing the distribution into half.
How is median calculated?
By adding the central most values and dividing by 2.
What are the characteristics of median?
It is simple, not affected by extreme scores, easy to understand, can be derived from incomplete data, but cannot be determined directly in even number observations.
What is mode?
The mode has the highest frequency in the distribution.
How is mode determined?
By the maximum number of entries/scores.
What are the characteristics of mode?
Easy to calculate and understand, used in daily life, and not affected by extreme values.
What is a frequency distribution?
A way to show data in a tabular form for better understanding.
What are the types of graphical representation of data?
Bar diagram, histogram, frequency polygon, and pie chart.
What is raw data?
Unorganized information collected by researchers.
What is grouped data?
Data organized into various classes or groups.
What is an individual series?
Collected data in raw form listed singularly.
What is a discrete series?
Data organized into a frequency table without class intervals.
What is a grouped frequency distribution?
Data classified into different classes with a range, showing frequency against class intervals.
What is a bar diagram?
A graphical representation using bars of different heights.
What is a histogram?
A graphical representation using bars touching each other.
What is a frequency polygon?
A graphical representation using points connected by lines.
What is a pie chart?
A circular chart divided into sectors.
What are the key features of bar diagram, histogram, frequency polygon, and pie chart?
They provide visual comparison, easy interpretation, and clear presentation of data.
What are the limitations of graphical representation of data?
They can be misleading, oversimplify data, and may not show detailed insights.
How can you quickly find the location of the median?
Using the expression n+1 divided by 2.
What is the formula for calculating mean?
X = ΣF/N where ΣF is the sum of all frequencies, and N is the total number of entries.
How do you calculate the median if the number of entries is odd?
The median is the middle value of the ordered data.
How do you calculate the median if the number of entries is even?
The median is the average of the two middle values in the ordered data.
What is the mode in the following series: 60, 48, 50, 60, 39, 50, 60, 27, 60, 42?
60, as the maximum number of children scored 60.
What are the uses of mode in daily life?
Mode helps in identifying popular choices or common values.
What are the advantages of using mean?
It considers all data points, is easy to calculate, and understand.
What are the advantages of using median?
It is not affected by extreme scores and represents the midpoint.
What are the advantages of using mode?
It is easy to calculate, understand, and not affected by extreme values.
What is the difference between mean, median, and mode?
Mean is the average, median is the midpoint, and mode is the most frequent value.
When is the mean value sensitive?
When there are extreme low or high scores in the dataset.
How is raw data organized?
By categorizing it into classes or groups.
What is the purpose of using statistics in research?
To enhance the understanding of research results and make data more meaningful.
How does statistics help in prediction?
It helps in making informed predictions based on data analysis.
What are the limitations of mean?
It is sensitive to extreme values and may not reflect data trends.
What are the limitations of median?
It cannot be directly determined in even number observations.
What are the limitations of mode?
It may not represent the data trend accurately.
What is the significance of central tendency?
It reflects the significance of the entire data by calculating the average or central score.
What is the importance of graphical representation of data?
It helps in comparing and understanding data easily.
What is the formula for calculating median using n?
n+1 divided by 2.
What is a tally bar in discrete series?
A mark used to count each occurrence in a frequency table.
How is frequency represented in a discrete series?
By noting the number of times an item occurs.
What is the importance of organizing raw data?
It enhances understanding and interpretation of the data.
How is data presented in a frequency distribution?
By arranging items into various classes/groups based on similarities.
What is a class interval in grouped data?
A range determining the class intervals in which observations fall.
How is frequency shown in a grouped frequency distribution?
By noting the number of occurrences against each class interval.
What does a frequency distribution table help us compare?
It helps compare different groups or categories within the data.
What is the impact of extreme values on mean?
It rises or falls with extreme scores.
How do you find the mean from a given set of data?
Sum all observations and divide by the number of observations.
How do you find the median from a given set of data?
Arrange data in order and find the middle value or average of two middle values.
How do you find the mode from a given set of data?
Identify the most frequently occurring value.
What is the role of graphical representation in understanding data?
It aids in better understanding and comparison of data.
Why is it important to consider the objective of research in statistics?
To ensure that the statistical analysis yields meaningful results.
What is the difference between individual series and discrete series?
Individual series lists items singularly, while discrete series includes frequency of observations.
How does a histogram differ from a bar diagram?
Histogram bars touch each other, bar diagram bars do not.
How can you draw a frequency polygon?
By connecting points representing data values with straight lines.
What are the relevant points to consider while graphically representing data?
Consider scale, clarity, accuracy, and relevance.
What is the importance of calculating central tendency in psychology?
It helps in understanding and comparing psychological data.
What does a pie chart represent?
Represents data as parts of a whole.
How does a bar diagram represent data?
Uses bars to show frequency of data categories.
What is the purpose of a frequency polygon?
Shows frequency distribution over continuous data.
What are the key differences between raw data and grouped data?
Raw data is unorganized, grouped data is categorized into classes.
How does a researcher use statistics to understand relationships between variables?
To examine and understand relationships between variables.
What is the impact of incomplete data on median calculation?
Median can still be derived from incomplete data.
How does a frequency table aid in data analysis?
It simplifies the understanding of data distribution.
Why is mean not always reflective of data trends?
Extreme values can skew the mean.
What are the steps to calculate mean, median, and mode?
Calculate the average, midpoint, and most frequent value respectively.
What are some real-life applications of statistics in psychology?
To analyze psychological trends and behavior patterns.
How do extreme scores affect the mean in a dataset?
Extreme scores can significantly alter the mean value.
What is the purpose of using class intervals in grouped data?
To categorize data for easier analysis and interpretation.
