13. infancy and childhood Flashcards
What are the three stages of development during childhood?
Infancy: Birth to 2 years, Early childhood: 3-5 years, Middle and late childhood: 6-11 years
What is physical development?
Changes in height, weight, and body proportions
What are the two types of motor skills?
Gross motor skills and fine motor skills
How long is an average newborn?
49-50 cm
How much does an average newborn weigh?
2.5 kg
By what age do infants typically double their birth weight?
By 4 months
By what age do infants typically triple their birth weight?
By their first birthday
What reflexes do infants display?
Grasping reflex and rooting reflex
At what age do infants start sitting while supported?
By age 2 months
When do infants typically learn to stand alone?
By 10 to 12 months
When do infants typically learn to walk?
By 13 to 18 months
What is the significance of fine motor skills during infancy?
Infants begin to reach out and grasp objects, refining this ability during the first 2 years of life
Describe the physical development during early childhood.
Children’s movements become almost ‘automatic’ as they gain confidence and balance
What physical abilities do children display at 3 years of age?
Simple movements like hopping, jumping, and running
What physical abilities do children display at 4 years of age?
Climbing up and down stairs with one foot on each step
What happens to physical growth during middle and late childhood?
Growth slows down but remains consistent, with an increase in height and weight
What is cognitive development?
How children think and how their thinking changes from one developmental stage to another
What are schemes according to Piaget?
The smallest units of thought that help children adapt to the world
What is adaptation in cognitive development?
Adjusting current information to new environmental demands
What is assimilation?
Incorporating new information into existing schemes
What is accommodation?
Adjusting schemes to fit new information and experiences
What is organization in cognitive development?
Grouping and categorizing information to make sense of the world
What is equilibration?
The mechanism by which children shift from one stage of thought to the next
What is the sensorimotor stage?
A stage from birth to two years where children understand the world through sensory experiences and motor actions
What is object permanence?
Understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they are out of sight
What is imitation?
Copying or reproducing someone’s actions or language
What is the pre-operational stage?
A stage from 2 to 7 years where children represent the world with words and images
What is egocentrism?
The inability to distinguish one’s own perspective from someone else’s
What is animism?
Believing that inanimate objects have life-like qualities
What is centration?
Focusing attention on only one aspect of an object
What is conservation?
Understanding that altering an object’s physical appearance does not change its basic properties
What is the concrete operational stage?
A stage from 7 to 11 years where children apply logical reasoning to problems
What is classification in cognitive development?
Dividing and categorizing objects into sets and subsets
What is seriation?
Ordering objects along a quantitative dimension
What are the key cognitive achievements during infancy?
Adapting sucking schemes, understanding object permanence, and developing imitation
What is the symbolic function sub-stage?
A sub-stage from 2 to 4 years where children represent the world with words and images
What is the intuitive sub-stage?
A sub-stage from 4 to 7 years where children use primitive reasoning
What is the role of play in cognitive development?
Helps children develop symbolic thinking and problem-solving skills
What are fine motor skills?
Small muscle movements, such as picking up objects between thumb and forefinger
What are gross motor skills?
Large muscle movements, such as walking and running
How do children develop cognitive abilities during early childhood?
Through symbolic function, intuitive thought, and egocentrism
What is the role of imitation in cognitive development?
Helps infants learn and reproduce actions and sounds
How do children understand the concept of conservation?
By recognizing that physical changes do not alter the quantity of an object
What is the importance of classification in cognitive development?
Helps children organize and understand relationships between different objects
How does seriation contribute to cognitive development?
Allows children to understand and order objects based on quantitative dimensions
What is the impact of physical development on cognitive abilities?
Improved motor skills enable children to explore and interact with their environment, enhancing cognitive development
How do cognitive processes change during middle and late childhood?
Children develop logical thinking and problem-solving skills, and can understand complex relationships between objects
What are the key milestones in physical development during infancy?
Doubling and tripling birth weight, developing motor skills, and achieving balance and coordination
What are the key milestones in cognitive development during infancy?
Developing object permanence, imitation, and adapting schemes to new information
What are the key milestones in physical development during early childhood?
Improved motor skills, balance, and coordination
What are the key milestones in cognitive development during early childhood?
Symbolic thinking, primitive reasoning, and understanding egocentrism
What are the key milestones in physical development during middle and late childhood?
Consistent growth in height and weight, improved muscle tone, and fine motor skills
What are the key milestones in cognitive development during middle and late childhood?
Logical reasoning, classification, and seriation
How do infants develop motor skills?
Through reflexes, voluntary actions, and practice in controlling their bodies
What is the role of sensory experiences in cognitive development?
Helps infants understand and interact with their environment
How do infants learn to adapt their sucking schemes?
By adjusting their sucking patterns to different objects
What is the significance of object permanence?
It indicates the infant’s understanding that objects continue to exist even when not seen
How does imitation evolve during infancy?
From copying actions they can already perform to deferred imitation of actions observed earlier
What is the impact of physical growth on cognitive abilities during infancy?
Increased mobility and motor skills allow infants to explore and learn from their environment
How do children develop symbolic thinking?
Through the use of words, images, and pretend play to represent objects and experiences
What are the limitations of pre-operational thought?
Egocentrism, animism, centration, and lack of conservation
How do children overcome egocentrism?
By gradually learning to take others’ perspectives into account
What is the role of logical reasoning in cognitive development?
Enables children to solve problems and understand complex relationships
How do children develop classification skills?
By learning to group objects based on shared characteristics and relationships
What is the importance of seriation in cognitive development?
Helps children understand order and relationships between objects based on size, quantity, or other dimensions
How do children develop conservation skills?
By understanding that changes in appearance do not alter the basic properties of an object
What are the key achievements of the concrete operational stage?
Logical reasoning, conservation, classification, and seriation
How does physical development influence cognitive abilities during middle and late childhood?
Improved fine and gross motor skills allow for more complex interactions with the environment, enhancing cognitive development
What is the role of play in physical and cognitive development?
Supports motor skill development, symbolic thinking, and problem-solving abilities
How do children develop problem-solving skills?
Through experiences and practice in logical reasoning and understanding relationships between objects
What are the main changes in physical development from infancy to childhood?
Growth in height and weight, development of motor skills, and changes in body proportions
How does cognitive development progress from infancy to childhood?
From sensory and motor experiences to symbolic thinking, logical reasoning, and understanding complex relationships
