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12th Standard Psychology > 13. infancy and childhood > Flashcards

13. infancy and childhood Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three stages of development during childhood?

A

Infancy: Birth to 2 years, Early childhood: 3-5 years, Middle and late childhood: 6-11 years

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2
Q

What is physical development?

A

Changes in height, weight, and body proportions

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3
Q

What are the two types of motor skills?

A

Gross motor skills and fine motor skills

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4
Q

How long is an average newborn?

A

49-50 cm

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5
Q

How much does an average newborn weigh?

A

2.5 kg

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6
Q

By what age do infants typically double their birth weight?

A

By 4 months

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7
Q

By what age do infants typically triple their birth weight?

A

By their first birthday

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8
Q

What reflexes do infants display?

A

Grasping reflex and rooting reflex

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9
Q

At what age do infants start sitting while supported?

A

By age 2 months

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10
Q

When do infants typically learn to stand alone?

A

By 10 to 12 months

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11
Q

When do infants typically learn to walk?

A

By 13 to 18 months

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12
Q

What is the significance of fine motor skills during infancy?

A

Infants begin to reach out and grasp objects, refining this ability during the first 2 years of life

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13
Q

Describe the physical development during early childhood.

A

Children’s movements become almost ‘automatic’ as they gain confidence and balance

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14
Q

What physical abilities do children display at 3 years of age?

A

Simple movements like hopping, jumping, and running

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15
Q

What physical abilities do children display at 4 years of age?

A

Climbing up and down stairs with one foot on each step

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16
Q

What happens to physical growth during middle and late childhood?

A

Growth slows down but remains consistent, with an increase in height and weight

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17
Q

What is cognitive development?

A

How children think and how their thinking changes from one developmental stage to another

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18
Q

What are schemes according to Piaget?

A

The smallest units of thought that help children adapt to the world

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19
Q

What is adaptation in cognitive development?

A

Adjusting current information to new environmental demands

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20
Q

What is assimilation?

A

Incorporating new information into existing schemes

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21
Q

What is accommodation?

A

Adjusting schemes to fit new information and experiences

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22
Q

What is organization in cognitive development?

A

Grouping and categorizing information to make sense of the world

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23
Q

What is equilibration?

A

The mechanism by which children shift from one stage of thought to the next

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24
Q

What is the sensorimotor stage?

A

A stage from birth to two years where children understand the world through sensory experiences and motor actions

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25
Q

What is object permanence?

A

Understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they are out of sight

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26
Q

What is imitation?

A

Copying or reproducing someone’s actions or language

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27
Q

What is the pre-operational stage?

A

A stage from 2 to 7 years where children represent the world with words and images

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28
Q

What is egocentrism?

A

The inability to distinguish one’s own perspective from someone else’s

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29
Q

What is animism?

A

Believing that inanimate objects have life-like qualities

30
Q

What is centration?

A

Focusing attention on only one aspect of an object

31
Q

What is conservation?

A

Understanding that altering an object’s physical appearance does not change its basic properties

32
Q

What is the concrete operational stage?

A

A stage from 7 to 11 years where children apply logical reasoning to problems

33
Q

What is classification in cognitive development?

A

Dividing and categorizing objects into sets and subsets

34
Q

What is seriation?

A

Ordering objects along a quantitative dimension

35
Q

What are the key cognitive achievements during infancy?

A

Adapting sucking schemes, understanding object permanence, and developing imitation

36
Q

What is the symbolic function sub-stage?

A

A sub-stage from 2 to 4 years where children represent the world with words and images

37
Q

What is the intuitive sub-stage?

A

A sub-stage from 4 to 7 years where children use primitive reasoning

38
Q

What is the role of play in cognitive development?

A

Helps children develop symbolic thinking and problem-solving skills

39
Q

What are fine motor skills?

A

Small muscle movements, such as picking up objects between thumb and forefinger

40
Q

What are gross motor skills?

A

Large muscle movements, such as walking and running

41
Q

How do children develop cognitive abilities during early childhood?

A

Through symbolic function, intuitive thought, and egocentrism

42
Q

What is the role of imitation in cognitive development?

A

Helps infants learn and reproduce actions and sounds

43
Q

How do children understand the concept of conservation?

A

By recognizing that physical changes do not alter the quantity of an object

44
Q

What is the importance of classification in cognitive development?

A

Helps children organize and understand relationships between different objects

45
Q

How does seriation contribute to cognitive development?

A

Allows children to understand and order objects based on quantitative dimensions

46
Q

What is the impact of physical development on cognitive abilities?

A

Improved motor skills enable children to explore and interact with their environment, enhancing cognitive development

47
Q

How do cognitive processes change during middle and late childhood?

A

Children develop logical thinking and problem-solving skills, and can understand complex relationships between objects

48
Q

What are the key milestones in physical development during infancy?

A

Doubling and tripling birth weight, developing motor skills, and achieving balance and coordination

49
Q

What are the key milestones in cognitive development during infancy?

A

Developing object permanence, imitation, and adapting schemes to new information

50
Q

What are the key milestones in physical development during early childhood?

A

Improved motor skills, balance, and coordination

51
Q

What are the key milestones in cognitive development during early childhood?

A

Symbolic thinking, primitive reasoning, and understanding egocentrism

52
Q

What are the key milestones in physical development during middle and late childhood?

A

Consistent growth in height and weight, improved muscle tone, and fine motor skills

53
Q

What are the key milestones in cognitive development during middle and late childhood?

A

Logical reasoning, classification, and seriation

54
Q

How do infants develop motor skills?

A

Through reflexes, voluntary actions, and practice in controlling their bodies

55
Q

What is the role of sensory experiences in cognitive development?

A

Helps infants understand and interact with their environment

56
Q

How do infants learn to adapt their sucking schemes?

A

By adjusting their sucking patterns to different objects

57
Q

What is the significance of object permanence?

A

It indicates the infant’s understanding that objects continue to exist even when not seen

58
Q

How does imitation evolve during infancy?

A

From copying actions they can already perform to deferred imitation of actions observed earlier

59
Q

What is the impact of physical growth on cognitive abilities during infancy?

A

Increased mobility and motor skills allow infants to explore and learn from their environment

60
Q

How do children develop symbolic thinking?

A

Through the use of words, images, and pretend play to represent objects and experiences

61
Q

What are the limitations of pre-operational thought?

A

Egocentrism, animism, centration, and lack of conservation

62
Q

How do children overcome egocentrism?

A

By gradually learning to take others’ perspectives into account

63
Q

What is the role of logical reasoning in cognitive development?

A

Enables children to solve problems and understand complex relationships

64
Q

How do children develop classification skills?

A

By learning to group objects based on shared characteristics and relationships

65
Q

What is the importance of seriation in cognitive development?

A

Helps children understand order and relationships between objects based on size, quantity, or other dimensions

66
Q

How do children develop conservation skills?

A

By understanding that changes in appearance do not alter the basic properties of an object

67
Q

What are the key achievements of the concrete operational stage?

A

Logical reasoning, conservation, classification, and seriation

68
Q

How does physical development influence cognitive abilities during middle and late childhood?

A

Improved fine and gross motor skills allow for more complex interactions with the environment, enhancing cognitive development

69
Q

What is the role of play in physical and cognitive development?

A

Supports motor skill development, symbolic thinking, and problem-solving abilities

70
Q

How do children develop problem-solving skills?

A

Through experiences and practice in logical reasoning and understanding relationships between objects

71
Q

What are the main changes in physical development from infancy to childhood?

A

Growth in height and weight, development of motor skills, and changes in body proportions

72
Q

How does cognitive development progress from infancy to childhood?

A

From sensory and motor experiences to symbolic thinking, logical reasoning, and understanding complex relationships

12th Standard Psychology (11 decks)

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