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12th Standard Psychology > 6. Attention and perception > Flashcards

6. Attention and perception Flashcards

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1
Q

What is attention?

A

A state of vigilance, alertness, and focus where one becomes ready to perceive stimuli.

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2
Q

What does attention precede?

A

Attention precedes perception.

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3
Q

What is the process of transforming sensation into perception called?

A

Transduction.

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4
Q

What does the process of transduction involve?

A

Converting stimulus energy (e.g., light, sound) into neural energy.

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5
Q

Who were the prominent Gestalt psychologists?

A

Köhler, Koffka, and Wertheimer.

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6
Q

What is form perception?

A

The process of organizing the visual field into meaningful wholes.

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7
Q

What is the principle of proximity in perceptual organization?

A

Objects close together in space or time are perceived as a group.

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8
Q

What is the principle of similarity in perceptual organization?

A

Objects with similar characteristics are perceived as a group.

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9
Q

What does the principle of continuity state?

A

We perceive objects as belonging together if they form a continuous pattern.

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10
Q

What is the principle of symmetry?

A

Symmetrical areas are seen as figures against asymmetrical backgrounds.

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11
Q

What does the principle of closure involve?

A

Filling gaps in objects to perceive them as whole rather than separate parts.

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12
Q

What is the cocktail party effect?

A

The ability to focus attention on one voice among many.

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13
Q

What are the two types of attention?

A

Selective attention and sustained attention.

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14
Q

What does sustained attention refer to?

A

The ability to maintain focus on an object or event for a longer duration.

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15
Q

What are the external factors affecting selective attention?

A

Size, intensity, motion, novelty, size, change, repetition, clarity, color, contrast.

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16
Q

What is an example of a moving object drawing attention?

A

Flickering lights on emergency vehicles like ambulances.

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17
Q

What is an example of intensity affecting attention?

A

A neon sign is more noticeable than a normal intensity light.

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18
Q

What does novelty in stimuli refer to?

A

New kinds of objects that quickly draw attention.

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19
Q

How does size affect attention?

A

Larger or smaller objects draw more attention than average-sized objects.

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20
Q

What role does change play in attracting attention?

A

Any change in the environment, like the stopping of a clock’s ticking, draws attention.

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21
Q

What does repetition do in terms of attention?

A

Repeated stimuli, like a horn’s sound, can draw attention.

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22
Q

How does clarity affect attention?

A

Clearer objects or sounds draw more attention.

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23
Q

What is the effect of color on attention?

A

Colorful objects are more attention-catching than black-and-white objects.

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24
Q

How does contrast play a role in attention?

A

Objects that stand out from their background, like stains on a shirt, draw attention.

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25
Q

What are internal factors affecting selective attention?

A

Need, interest, and emotional state.

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26
Q

How does need influence attention?

A

A hungry person notices even faint smells of food.

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27
Q

What is the effect of interest on attention?

A

Interesting objects or events are more readily attended to.

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28
Q

How does emotional state affect attention?

A

In a heightened emotional state, one may not be aware of other stimuli.

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29
Q

What is depth perception?

A

The process of perceiving the world in three dimensions.

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30
Q

What are the two main sources of information for depth perception?

A

Binocular cues and monocular cues.

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31
Q

What are monocular cues?

A

Cues that allow depth perception with just one eye.

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32
Q

What is relative size in monocular cues?

A

Judging distance based on the size of retinal images from past experience.

33
Q

What is interposition?

A

The perception of an object being closer when it covers another object.

34
Q

What does linear perspective involve?

A

Parallel lines appearing to converge with increasing distance.

35
Q

What is aerial perspective?

A

Distant objects appear hazy or blurry due to atmospheric particles.

36
Q

What role does light and shade play in depth perception?

A

Highlights and shadows provide information about distance and depth.

37
Q

What is the effect of relative height?

A

Larger objects are perceived as closer, smaller as farther away.

38
Q

What is texture gradient?

A

A phenomenon where a denser visual field appears farther away.

39
Q

What is the difference between sensation and perception?

A

Sensation is receiving stimuli, perception is interpreting them.

40
Q

What is the law of closure?

A

The tendency to fill gaps to perceive objects as whole.

41
Q

What is vigilance?

A

Another term for sustained attention, maintaining focus for long periods.

42
Q

How does intensity influence attention?

A

More intense stimuli draw more attention.

43
Q

What is the law of continuity?

A

Perceiving continuous patterns rather than disconnected ones.

44
Q

What is the law of proximity?

A

Perceiving close objects as a group.

45
Q

What is the law of similarity?

A

Perceiving similar objects as a group.

46
Q

What does the principle of symmetry entail?

A

Symmetrical figures are seen as the main focus against asymmetrical backgrounds.

47
Q

What is the importance of figure-ground segregation?

A

Distinguishing objects (figures) from their background.

48
Q

What is a pragnanz?

A

A tendency to perceive a good figure, an organized form.

49
Q

What does perceptual constancy refer to?

A

Perceiving objects as unchanging despite changes in sensory input.

50
Q

What is the role of previous experiences in perception?

A

They influence how we interpret and perceive stimuli.

51
Q

How does attention influence perception?

A

Attention organizes and filters perceptions.

52
Q

What is an illusion in perception?

A

A misinterpretation of sensory information.

53
Q

What is extra-sensory perception?

A

Perception that occurs without using known sensory processes.

54
Q

What is selective attention?

A

Focusing on a specific stimulus while ignoring others.

55
Q

What is the difference between selective and sustained attention?

A

Selective attention is choosing stimuli, sustained is maintaining focus.

56
Q

What is the Gestalt approach to perception?

A

Understanding perception as an organized whole rather than individual parts.

57
Q

What is the function of attention in cognitive processes?

A

It helps organize perceptions and other cognitive functions.

58
Q

What is transduction?

A

Conversion of stimulus energy into neural energy.

59
Q

How does motion affect attention?

A

Moving objects are more likely to draw attention than stationary ones.

60
Q

What is the effect of novelty on attention?

A

Novel stimuli are more likely to draw attention.

61
Q

What is an example of repetition affecting attention?

A

Repeated sounds, like a horn, catch attention.

62
Q

What is the role of need in selective attention?

A

Biological or psychological needs can heighten attention to related stimuli.

63
Q

What is interposition in depth perception?

A

Closer objects cover parts of farther objects.

64
Q

What does the law of continuity state?

A

We perceive connected patterns as a whole.

65
Q

What is the law of proximity?

A

Objects close together are perceived as a group.

66
Q

What is the law of similarity?

A

Similar objects are perceived as a group.

67
Q

What is the principle of symmetry?

A

Symmetrical areas are seen as the focus against asymmetrical backgrounds.

68
Q

What is perceptual set?

A

A mental predisposition to perceive something in a particular way.

69
Q

What is the effect of interest on attention?

A

Personal interests increase the likelihood of attending to certain stimuli.

70
Q

How does emotional state influence attention?

A

Emotional states can heighten or diminish focus on certain stimuli.

71
Q

What are the main functions of attention?

A

Alerting, selection, and maintaining focus.

72
Q

What is binocular cue in depth perception?

A

Depth perception requiring both eyes.

73
Q

What is monocular cue in depth perception?

A

Depth perception requiring only one eye.

74
Q

What is the role of cultural factors in perception?

A

Cultural background can influence how stimuli are perceived.

75
Q

What is the importance of perceptual constancy?

A

Maintains stable perceptions despite changes in sensory input.

76
Q

How do advertisements use perceptual principles?

A

By using colors, contrast, and motion to draw attention.

77
Q

What is the concept of figure-ground segregation?

A

Distinguishing the main object (figure) from the background.

78
Q

What is the law of pragnanz?

A

The tendency to perceive the simplest, most stable form.

12th Standard Psychology (11 decks)

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