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Natural Products > 8 - Introduction to NHPs > Flashcards

8 - Introduction to NHPs Flashcards

1
Q

What falls under the umbrella of NHPs?

A
  • probiotics
  • traditional medicines
  • homeopathic medicines
  • herbal remedies
  • vitamins and minerals
  • other products (essential fatty acids, amino acids)
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2
Q

Are NHPs considered CAM therapies?

A

No - they are considered a subsection of drugs in Canada’s food and drug act

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3
Q

Define NHPs

A
  • naturally occurring substances that are used to restore and maintain health
  • made from plants, animals and microorganisms
  • variety of forms
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4
Q

List 4 things about NHPs

A
  • safe for consideration as OTC products
  • available for self-care
  • available for self-selection
  • does not require a Rx to be sold
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5
Q

What is a functional food?

A
  • similar in appearance to, or may be, a conventional food
  • consumed as part of a usual diet
  • demonstrated to have a physiological benefit or provide protection against a chronic disease (beyond basic nutritive function)
  • regulated as a FOOD
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6
Q

What is a nutraceutical?

A
  • a product isolated or purified from foods
  • generally sold in medicinal forms not usually associated with food
  • demonstrated to have a physiological benefit or provide protection against a chronic disease
  • regulated as a DRUG (NHP)
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7
Q

What % of Canadians use NHPs?

A

71%

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8
Q

Why do people take Canadians?

A
  • maintain or promote good health
  • better or safer than conventional medications
  • upon recommendation from someone
  • treat illness
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9
Q

How do Canadians learn about NHPs?

A
  • family or friends
  • pharmacist
  • internet
  • physician
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10
Q

What do Canadians want to know?

A
  • recalls of NHPs
  • side effects
  • drug interactions
  • uses/benefits
  • understanding of NHP labels
  • NHP regulation
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11
Q

What are the 10 most commonly used NHPs?

A

1) glucosamine
2) echinacea
3) garlic
4) fish oils/w-3 fatty acids
5) evengin primrose oil/GLA
6) ginkgo biloba
7) ginseng
8) flaxseed oil
9) St. John’s Wort
10) apple cider vinegar

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12
Q

What is it used for?

glucosamine

A

osteoarthritis

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13
Q

What is it used for?

echinacea

A

immune stimulator

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14
Q

What is it used for?

garlic

A

reduce cholesterol

LOL

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15
Q

What is it used for?

fish oils/w-3 fatty acids

A

CV health

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16
Q

What is it used for?

evening primrose oil/GLA

A

menopause

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17
Q

What is it used for?

ginkgo biloba

A

memory

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18
Q

What is it used for?

ginseng

A

immune stimulator

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19
Q

What is it used for?

flaxseed oil

A

CV health

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20
Q

What is it used for?

St. John’s Wort

A

depression

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21
Q

What is it used for?

apple cider vinegar

A

general health

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22
Q

Who take more NHPs?

A

women

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23
Q

What are other predictors of NHP use?

A
  • race (white > non-white)
  • non-smokers > smokers
  • active > non-active lifestyle
  • health status (non-perfect health > perfect health)
  • use of conventional or OTC medication
  • vitamin, mineral or multivitamin usage
  • consultation with a CAM practitioner
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24
Q

What do some people use NHPs for?

A
  • fibromyalgia
  • IBD
  • urinary incontinence
  • COPD
  • arthritis
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25
Q

What are NOT predictors of NHP use?

A
  • education

- annual income (personal nor household)

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26
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

A D E K

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27
Q

What is a botanical?

A

plant or plant part valued for its medicinal or therapeutic properties, labor and or scent

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28
Q

What is a Tea/Infusion?

A
  • adding boiling water to fresh or dried botanical and steeping
  • cold or hot
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29
Q

What is a decoction?

A
  • for botanicals that need more forceful treatment to extract desirable components (ex. bark, root)
  • simmered longer in boiling water than tea/infusion
  • cold or hot
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30
Q

What is a tincture?

A
  • soaking botanical in a solution of alcohol and water
  • concentrates botanical
  • sold in liquid form
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31
Q

What is an extract?

A

-soaked with the goal of capturing specific components

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32
Q

Intrinsic adverse effects arise from ?

A

the herb itself

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33
Q

Type A reactions

A

predictable toxicity, overdose, drug interactions

34
Q

Type B reactions

A

idiosyncratic reactions (ex. allergy, anaphylaxis)

35
Q

What are Extrinsic Adverse Effects?

A

Unrelated to the herb; likely due to a problem in commercial manufacture or extemporaneous compounding

36
Q

What are Type A and B reactions?

A

intrinsic adverse effects

37
Q

List some types of extrinsic adverse effects ?

A
  • misidentification
  • lack of standardization
  • contamination
  • substitution
  • adulteration
  • incorrect preparation and/or dosage
  • inappropriate labelling and/or advertising
38
Q

What are the 4 different names that products go by?

A

1) common english
2) transliterated name
3) latinized pharmaceutical name
4) scientific name (genus and species)

39
Q

What is the name that product should go by?

A

4 - Scientific name (genus and species)

40
Q

Why are there challenges in standardizing herbal medicines?

A
  • crude vs. purified ?
  • hard to identify which one
  • even if you know which it is, hard to tell which is better
  • the goal that chemical consistency means therapeutic consistency does not always work
41
Q

Some ayurvedic medicines have contamination with _____

A

metals

42
Q

How can substitution cause a problem?

A

ex. stephania tetrandra substituted to aristolochia fangchi

- caused irreversible nephropathy

43
Q

What is adulteration ?

A

When Rx items are present but are not indicated on the label of NHPs

44
Q

List 3 examples of adulterants that have been found in traditional Chinese medicines

A
  • acetaminophen
  • diazepam
  • diclofenac
45
Q

What is the working definition of probiotics?

A

live microorganisms that when ingested in appropriate quantities, have a beneficial effect in the prevention and treatment of specific medical conditions by improving the host’s intestinal microbial balance

46
Q

MOA of probiotics

A
  • colonization resistance - limit the potentially harmful bacteria in the digestive tract
  • supply enzymes or influence enzyme activity in the GI tract
47
Q

What are some accepted criteria for the use of probiotics?

A
  • indigenous to humans
  • resistance to acidity and bile toxicity
  • adherence to human intestinal cells
  • colonize in the human gut
  • antagonism against pathogenic bacteria
  • clinically proven health effects (dose-response data)
  • history of safe use in humans
48
Q

How do probiotics improve gut health?

A
  • increase healthy bacteria

- decrease the population of pathogenic microorganisms

49
Q

How do probiotics reduce the risk of colon cancer?

A
  • alter the metabolic activities of intestinal microflora
  • alter the physicochemical conditions in the colon to discourage growth of pro-carcinogenic microflora
  • bind/degrade potential carcinogens
  • enhance the host’s immune response
50
Q

How do probiotics modulate the immune system?

A

Lactobacillus acidophilus and bifidum augment humoral and cellular immunity

51
Q

When asking if probiotics are safe, what issues need to be considered?

A
  • antibiotic resistance gene profile
  • production of antibiotic modifiers
  • pathogenic potential (should have demonstrated to be free of virulent factors and toxin production)
  • metabolic activities (no production of any byproducts or enzymes that may adversely affect human physiology)
52
Q

Efficacy considerations of probiotics?

A
  • minimum daily dosing
  • acid and bile stability
  • intestinal mucosal adhesion properties
  • viability through the product shelf life
53
Q

What are probiotics affected by?

A
  • heat
  • oxygen
  • moisture
  • light
54
Q

What are some special technologies used to preserve the microorganisms?

A
  • freeze-drying
  • enteric coating
  • microencapsulation
55
Q

What is the goal of probiotics?

A

Healthy maintenance of intestinal microflora
-depends on the extent of microbial depletion and the presence of harmful bacteria.

10-100 billion or higher CFU’s per day

56
Q

What is an essential fatty acid?

A

fatty acids that cannot be synthesized in the body (must be supplied through diet or supplement)

57
Q

According to NNHPD, what are the only 2 established EFA’s?

A

LA = linoleic acid (OMEGA 6)

ALA = alpha-linolenic acid (OMEGA 3)

58
Q

All other fatty acids (DHA, EPA) are considered _______.

A

derivatives

59
Q

Describe EFA’s

A
  • components of cell membranes that increase membrane fluidity - cell membrane function
  • proper function of the brain and nervous system
60
Q

Describe OMEGA 3

A
  • CV benefits (anti-platelet, anti-inflammatory, pro-vasodilatory)
  • evidence used for/in hyperglycaemia, depression, cancer, lupus, asthma, and RA
61
Q

What ratio of LA:ALA is needed to get the benefits?

A

LA:ALA ratio of under 5:1

62
Q

slide 46

A

ok

63
Q

Food sources of ALA

A
  • flax-based oil (55%)
  • canola oil (10%)
  • flaxseeds
  • walnuts
64
Q

Food sources of EPA/DHA

A
  • fatty fish

- fish oil

65
Q

Food sources of LA

A
  • vegetable and plant oils
  • leafy vegetables
  • seeds
  • nuts
66
Q

Food sources of GLA

A

-evening primrose oil

67
Q

What are essential amino acids? List 3 examples

A

They cannot be made by the body - need to be obtained in diet

  • histidine
  • valine
  • leucine
68
Q

What are non-essential amino acids? List 3 examples

A

They can be made by the body

  • alanine
  • asparagine
  • aspartic acid
69
Q

What are conditional amino acids? List 3 examples

A

Not essential except in times of illness or stress

  • proline
  • serine
  • glycine
70
Q

_____ chain amino acids are the most common essential amino acids. (40% of daily requirement of essential AA)

A

Branched

71
Q

What do branched chain amino acids do?

A
  • thought to help increase carbohydrate bioavailability in muscles and prevent muscle breakdown during rigorous exercise
  • may reduce fatigue in both anaerobic and endurance sports
72
Q

List 3 things that branched chain amino acids are used for

A
  • anorexia
  • burn patients
  • diabetes
73
Q

_____ is essential for children up to 5 yrs old and the elderly (over 60)

A

Arginine

74
Q

______ is essential for children up to 5 yrs old

A

Histidine

75
Q

Arginine is synthesized by the body but not at rates sufficient to support ____. Also, most arginine is cleaved to form urea.

A

growth

76
Q

If ______ is not adequately provided in the diet, then methionine is required in high amounts

A

cysteine

77
Q

If ______ is not adequately provided in the diet, then phenylalanine is required in high amounts

A

tyrosine

78
Q

List examples of complete protein sources that provides all of the essential amino acids?

A

animal sources: meat, poultry, eggs, fish, milk cheese

plant sources: quinoa, buckwheat, hempseed, amaranth, soybean

79
Q

What defines a complete protein source?

A

provides all of the essential amino acids

80
Q

What defines an incomplete source?

A

low in one or more of the essential amino acids

81
Q

What defines a complementary protein source? Examples?

A

two or more incomplete protein sources that together, provide adequate amounts of the essential amino acids

  • mac and cheese
  • peanut butter sandwich

Natural Products (19 decks)

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