2 - Mind/Body Medicine Flashcards
(46 cards)
1
Q
Mind/Body medicine was previously interchangeable with what terms?
A
- Psychosomatic medicine
- Health psychology
- Behavioral medicine
2
Q
What is the definition of mind-body medicine?
A
- practices that focus on the interactions among the brain, mind, body, and behaviour, with the intent to use the mind to affect physical functioning and promote health
- emphasizes an approach that enhances a person’s capacity for self-knowledge and self-care
3
Q
What is the Placebo Effect?
A
- well known effect
- RCT’s must be “placebo-controlled”
- believed to be mediated through both cognitive (expectation and belief) and conditioning mechanisms
- in most placebo-controlled trials, placebos improve symptoms for approx 1/3 of control subjects
4
Q
Describe the placebo effect and other ethical considerations?
A
Ethical issues - deception, loss of trust
-Use of placebos in clinical practise is common
5
Q
Does placebo effect still work if they are told they are getting it?
A
Yes they can - slide 19
6
Q
What are some types of mind-body therapies?
A
- Relaxation & Stress Reduction (progressive muscle relaxation, breathing exercises)
- Hypnosis
- Guided imagery
- Meditation
- Tai Chi/ Qi gong
- Yoga
- Biofeedback
- Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies (CBT)
7
Q
What are the common mind-body therapies?
A
- deep breathing exercises
- meditation
- yoga, tai chi, qi gong
8
Q
Impact of _____ on the body is well documented, as well as improvements in health that result from relaxation strategies
A
stress
9
Q
Types of _______ techniques include meditation, biofeedback, hypnosis, guided imagery and progressive muscle relaxation, tai chi, yoga, deep breathing.
A
relaxation
10
Q
Describe 4-7-8 breath
A
Breath in for 4 secs through nose Hold for 7 secs Breath out for 8 secs through mouth -4-8 cycles -2 times/day -anytime feeling anxious
Good for all patients, but especially for:
- anxiety/panic attacks
- increases ratio of parasympathetic to sympathetic activity
11
Q
What is meditation?
A
a variety of techniques aimed to focus or control one’s attention
12
Q
What do most types of meditation involve?
A
- a quiet location
- a specific, comfortable position (sitting, lying, standing, walking)
- a focus of attention (ex on breath, mantra)
- an open attitude (letting distractions come and go without judging them)
13
Q
What is meditation used for?
A
- anxiety
- depression
- pain
- stress
- insomnia
- coping with emotional/physical symptoms associated with chronic illnesses
- overall health and well-being
14
Q
What are the 2 common forms of meditation?
A
1) Transcendental Meditation (TM)
2) Mindfulness meditation
15
Q
Describe Transcendental Meditation
A
- Focusing attention on the repetition of a mantra (a word, sound or phrase repeated silently)
- Goal to achieve state of relaxed awareness
16
Q
Describe Mindfulness Meditation
A
- Focusing attention in the present, common to focus on breath
- Focus on what is being experienced without reacting or judging it
- Learn to experience thoughts/emotions with greater balance and acceptance
17
Q
Can meditation enhance student performance?
A
Yes - slide 34
18
Q
What are some daily mindfulness activities?
A
- mindful eating
- mindful walking
- mindfulness during routine activities (shower, washing hands, b/p)
19
Q
How does meditation work?
A
Thought to work by affecting the autonomic nervous system
- Decreasing activity of sympathetic nervous system
- Increasing activity of parasympathetic nervous system
20
Q
Describe hypnosis
A
- Well studied mind-body therapy
- Known since late 18th century
- “A state of consciousness involving focused attention and reduced peripheral awareness characterized by an enhanced capacity for response to suggestion”
21
Q
What does hypnosis involve?
A
Involves guided phases of physical relaxation and attention control:
- Progressive relaxation using imagery - induction
- Deepening techniques (further relaxation)
- Symptom specific suggestions
22
Q
What is hypnosis beneficial for?
A
many chronic pain conditions and painful medical procedures
23
Q
Are children or adults more hypnotizable ?
A
children - less boundaries between imagination and reality
24
Q
What has hypnosis been shown to be effective for?
A
- painful medical procedures (ex. bone-marrow aspirations and lumbar punctures)
- post-op pain and anxiety
- chronic headaches
- chronic functional abdominal pain
- chemotherapy induced N/V
- cancer pain
- fibromyalgia
25
What is guided imagery?
A form of deliberate, directed day-dreaming - using the imagination in a purposeful way to support health and healing
26
What does guided imagery create?
- Creates sensory images by the mind - perceived by body to be almost as real as the actual events
- Relaxed, trance-like state - relaxation response
- Technique that gives the power back to the patient
- Portable
27
What has guided imagery been shown beneficial for?
pain, surgical preparation, depressive symptoms, anxious symptoms and quality of life
28
What is biofeedback?
- A technique that trains people to control certain bodily processes that normally are involuntary, in order to improve one's health (ex. HR, BP, muscle tension and skin temperature)
- Electrodes attached to the skin or scalp measure these processes and then are displayed on a monitor (giving you "feedback" from your body "bio")
- A person is trained to change their HR or BP through breathing exercises or techniques to control their emotions and increase their awareness
29
What is PMR (progressive muscle relaxation)?
- Systematically isolating a particular muscle group, creating tension for 8-10 seconds, then letting the muscle relax and the tension release
- Some evidence that can be helpful for Tx of: insomnia, caregiver stress, adherence to CPAP in patients with sleep apnea
30
What is Tai Chi?
- Chinese martial art involving gentle, controlled movements, generally practiced now for exercise, stress management and health benefits
- research shows improvements in balance, strength, attentiveness, sleep, anxiety, blood pressure and pain
31
What is Qi Gong?
- A type of moving meditation
- Slow, coordinated postures, movements, breathing and meditation
- Traditionally done to cultivate Qi or "life energy"
- Practised for exercise, relaxation, meditation, wellness, and training for martial arts
32
What is Yoga?
- widely practiced
- exercises involving controlled breathing, physical postures and meditation
- shows evidence of helping: back pain, depression, stress, HTN
33
What is Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)?
-A type of therapy in which a patient works with a therapist to identify maladaptive cognitions (thoughts) and replace them with healthier thoughts and behaviours
34
What has research shown CBT to be beneficial for?
- anxiety and depression
- insomnia
- IBS
- chronic pain
35
Negative emotional states (depression, anxiety, hostility, social isolation, stress) linked to pathophysiological processes underlying _____
CVD
36
How does relaxation therapy affect CVD?
Effect of relaxation therapies in rehabilitation and secondary prevention in patients with IHD:
- Decrease resting HR, increased HR variability, improved exercise tolerance, increased HDL
- Decreased anxiety and depression
- Decreased angina, arrhythmias, and exercise induced ischemia
- Decrease frequency of cardiac events and cardiac deaths
- Return to work improved
37
What are some mind-body therapies for Tx of headaches?
-biofeedback, CBT, hypnosis, meditation, and relaxation training can be effective Tx H/A's
38
What are some mind-body therapies for Tx of insomnia?
- good evidence for progressive muscle relaxation, CBT
| - some evidence for biofeedback
39
What are some mind-body therapies for IBS?
-8-week mindfulness course
| slide 58
40
What are some mind-body therapies for chronic low back pain?
stress management, topic skills training, CBT
41
What are some mind-body therapies for arthritis (OA, RA) ?
moderate evidence for benefit of relaxation, imagery, biofeedback, CBT
42
What are some mind-body therapies for asthma?
- breathing exercises beneficial
| - some evidence for hypnosis in children
43
What are some mind-body therapies for cancer?
Mind-body therapies on cancer related side effects to:
- improve anxiety, depressive symptoms and quality of life
- improve pain and fatigue
- improve anticipatory nausea and vomiting in chemotherapy patient
44
What are some mind-body therapies for immunity?
```
Emotional traits (both negative and positive) can influence people's susceptibility to infection
-Individuals who reported positive emotions had greater resistance to developing a cold after systemic exposure to a respiratory virus in a lab
```
45
Are mind-body therapies safe?
Yes - generally safe.
46
Same cautions for ____ as for any other exercise program.
yoga
