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Natural Products > 10 - Antioxidants and Immunomodulators > Flashcards

10 - Antioxidants and Immunomodulators Flashcards

1
Q

What are reactive oxygen species?

A
  • highly reactive molecules due to the presence of unpaired valence shell electrons
  • form as a natural byproduct of the normal metabolism of oxygen
  • have important roles in cell signalling
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2
Q

What foods are high in antioxidants?

A

grapes, oranges, carrots

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3
Q

List 6 antioxidants

A
  • vitamin C
  • vitamin E
  • B-carotene
  • grapeseed
  • pychnogenol
  • green tea
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4
Q

List the 2 types of Product License Applications of NHPs

A

1) Compendial

2) Non-compendial

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5
Q

Describe a Compendial License Applications

A
  • must cite a monograph
  • can be single or combo product
  • help speed up evaluation of safety and efficacy of medicinal ingredients
  • serve as reliable sources of product info for consumers
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6
Q

Describe a Non-Compendial License Application

A

a) Traditional claim:
- products that have been used within a cultural belief system or healing paradigm for at least 50 consecutive years
- the methods of preparation and dosing should be traditional
ex. Echinacea

b) Non-Traditional claim:
- scientific evidence supporting the safety and efficacy of the product
- combination products can submit a NNHPD monograph for each medicinal ingredient

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7
Q

What is ascorbic acid?

A

vitamin C

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8
Q

Vitamin C:

natural sources ?

A

fruit and veggies (kiwifruit, broccoli, strawberry, orange, lemon)

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9
Q

Vitamin C:

What does it help in?

A

A factor in the maintenance of good health

  • helps to metabolize fats and proteins
  • helps in development of bones, cartilage, teeth and gums
  • helps in connective tissue formation
  • helps in wound healing
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10
Q

What is Vitamin C effective in?

A

vitamin C deficiency lmao (scurvy)

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11
Q

What is Vitamin C likely effective in?

A

common cold prevention

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12
Q

__________ are forms/types of vitamin E

A

tocopherols

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13
Q

What is vitamin E found in?

A

vegetable oils, nuts, green leafy vegetables

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14
Q

Drug interactions with vitamin E?

A
  • anticoagulant/antiplatelet drugs, warfarin
  • chemotherapy
  • statins/niacin (blunts rise in HDL)
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15
Q

Are dietary supplements the same as vitamin E supplements ?

A

No

  • It is well–accepted that diets rich in vitamin E reduce the risk of CV disease and cancer
  • Benefit does not occur with supplements
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16
Q

Is vitamin E available for sale ?

A

no, not in Canada

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17
Q

Vitamin E increased risk of ?

A

congestive heart failure

*also increased the rate of local recurrence of the head or neck tumor

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18
Q

Max dose of vitamin E?

A

400 IU/day

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19
Q

What is B-carotene found in?

A

deep orange or yellow fruit/vegetables

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20
Q

What is B-carotene or vitamin A helpful in?

A
  • for maintenance of eyesight, skin, membranes, immune function
  • for maintenance and development of night vision
  • maintenance and development of bones and teeth
21
Q

____ are at a higher risk for lung and prostate cancer, intracerebral hemorrhage and CV and total mortality

A

smokers

22
Q

B carotene and vitamin A ___________ incidence of lung cancer and mortality

A

increased

23
Q

Are there benefits of vitamin C, vitamin E, or beta carotene on CVD events, likelihood of developing diabetes or cancer?

A

NO

24
Q

So why is there benefits of a diet high in these substances but the supplements cause adverse effects?

A

Beneficial effects of a diet high in vegetables and fruits may be due to:

  • other substances present in the same foods
  • other dietary factors
  • other lifestyle choices that coincide with consumption
25
Q

Grape seed real name?

A

vitis vinifera

26
Q

What does grape seed help with?

A

to relieve symptoms related to non-complicated chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), such as sensation of swelling, heaviness and tingling of the legs

27
Q

Grape seed is possibly effective for?

A

chronic venous insufficiency

28
Q

What is Pycnogenol possibly effective for ?

A

chronic venous insufficiency

29
Q

Pycnogenol:

Risk info?

A

consult a health care practitioner prior to use if you have MS, lupus, RA, or other autoimmune disorders

30
Q

Green tea used for?

A

weight management

insufficient evidence

31
Q

Can you take green tea in pregnancy?

A

1) large doses of caffeine have been associated with spontaneous abortions, intrauterine growth retardation, and low birth weight
2) anti-folate actions (inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, which activates folic acid)

32
Q

_______ with green tea extract

A

hepatotoxicity

33
Q

Green tea had a ___ contamination in 2006

I was 10, why do I care about this?

A

lead

34
Q

What is green tea standardized to contain ?

A

80% total polyphenols and 50% epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)

35
Q

List 2 types of immunomodulator

A

1) immunosuppressant

2) immunostimulant

36
Q

What is an immunosuppressant?

A

-substance that suppresses the immune system (ex. after transplants)

37
Q

What is an immunostimulant?

A

substance that stimulates the immune system by activating any of its components (ex. vaccine)

38
Q

There are two types of immunostimulants. Describe them.

A

Specific:
-antigenic specificity in immune response (ex. vaccine)

Non-specific:
-augment immune response without antigenic specificity

39
Q

What is echinacea used for?

A
  • traditionally used in herbal medicine to help relieve symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections and sore throat (claim only for E. angustifolia)
  • helps to relieve symptoms and shorten duration of URTI
40
Q

MOA of echinacea

A
  • increases in macrophage proliferation, phagocytosis and cytokine secretion
  • activation of T-cell and NK cells
41
Q

Is echinacea effective?

A

possibly

42
Q

What is ginseng used for?

A
  • used in TCM for deficiency of qi and yin, internal heat, cough and asthma, bloody phlegm, fire in the deficiency syndrome, etc.
  • used in herbal medicine as supportive therapy for promotion of healthy glucose levels
43
Q

What is ginseng possibly effective for?

A
  • cognitive function

- influenza

44
Q

What does ginseng have insufficiency evidence for?

A
  • common cold
  • blood glucose
  • cognitive performance
45
Q

Risk information with ginseng?

A

Consult HCP if:

  • taking antidepressants
  • taking blood thinners or digoxin
  • if you have diabetes
46
Q

What is cold fx used for?

A

helps to reduce frequency, severity and duration of cold and flu symptoms by boosting the immune system

47
Q

MOA of cold fx ?

A
  • large polysacarahides remain in GI tract

- bind to macrophages, stimulate cytokines which further activate macrophages, T cells and NK cells

48
Q

Is cold fx effective?

A

possibly effective

49
Q

Is oil of oregano effective ?

A

insufficient reliable evidence to rate

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