10 - Antioxidants and Immunomodulators Flashcards
What are reactive oxygen species?
- highly reactive molecules due to the presence of unpaired valence shell electrons
- form as a natural byproduct of the normal metabolism of oxygen
- have important roles in cell signalling
What foods are high in antioxidants?
grapes, oranges, carrots
List 6 antioxidants
- vitamin C
- vitamin E
- B-carotene
- grapeseed
- pychnogenol
- green tea
List the 2 types of Product License Applications of NHPs
1) Compendial
2) Non-compendial
Describe a Compendial License Applications
- must cite a monograph
- can be single or combo product
- help speed up evaluation of safety and efficacy of medicinal ingredients
- serve as reliable sources of product info for consumers
Describe a Non-Compendial License Application
a) Traditional claim:
- products that have been used within a cultural belief system or healing paradigm for at least 50 consecutive years
- the methods of preparation and dosing should be traditional
ex. Echinacea
b) Non-Traditional claim:
- scientific evidence supporting the safety and efficacy of the product
- combination products can submit a NNHPD monograph for each medicinal ingredient
What is ascorbic acid?
vitamin C
Vitamin C:
natural sources ?
fruit and veggies (kiwifruit, broccoli, strawberry, orange, lemon)
Vitamin C:
What does it help in?
A factor in the maintenance of good health
- helps to metabolize fats and proteins
- helps in development of bones, cartilage, teeth and gums
- helps in connective tissue formation
- helps in wound healing
What is Vitamin C effective in?
vitamin C deficiency lmao (scurvy)
What is Vitamin C likely effective in?
common cold prevention
__________ are forms/types of vitamin E
tocopherols
What is vitamin E found in?
vegetable oils, nuts, green leafy vegetables
Drug interactions with vitamin E?
- anticoagulant/antiplatelet drugs, warfarin
- chemotherapy
- statins/niacin (blunts rise in HDL)
Are dietary supplements the same as vitamin E supplements ?
No
- It is well–accepted that diets rich in vitamin E reduce the risk of CV disease and cancer
- Benefit does not occur with supplements
Is vitamin E available for sale ?
no, not in Canada
Vitamin E increased risk of ?
congestive heart failure
*also increased the rate of local recurrence of the head or neck tumor
Max dose of vitamin E?
400 IU/day
What is B-carotene found in?
deep orange or yellow fruit/vegetables
What is B-carotene or vitamin A helpful in?
- for maintenance of eyesight, skin, membranes, immune function
- for maintenance and development of night vision
- maintenance and development of bones and teeth
____ are at a higher risk for lung and prostate cancer, intracerebral hemorrhage and CV and total mortality
smokers
B carotene and vitamin A ___________ incidence of lung cancer and mortality
increased
Are there benefits of vitamin C, vitamin E, or beta carotene on CVD events, likelihood of developing diabetes or cancer?
NO
So why is there benefits of a diet high in these substances but the supplements cause adverse effects?
Beneficial effects of a diet high in vegetables and fruits may be due to:
- other substances present in the same foods
- other dietary factors
- other lifestyle choices that coincide with consumption
Grape seed real name?
vitis vinifera
What does grape seed help with?
to relieve symptoms related to non-complicated chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), such as sensation of swelling, heaviness and tingling of the legs
Grape seed is possibly effective for?
chronic venous insufficiency
What is Pycnogenol possibly effective for ?
chronic venous insufficiency
Pycnogenol:
Risk info?
consult a health care practitioner prior to use if you have MS, lupus, RA, or other autoimmune disorders
Green tea used for?
weight management
insufficient evidence
Can you take green tea in pregnancy?
1) large doses of caffeine have been associated with spontaneous abortions, intrauterine growth retardation, and low birth weight
2) anti-folate actions (inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, which activates folic acid)
_______ with green tea extract
hepatotoxicity
Green tea had a ___ contamination in 2006
I was 10, why do I care about this?
lead
What is green tea standardized to contain ?
80% total polyphenols and 50% epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)
List 2 types of immunomodulator
1) immunosuppressant
2) immunostimulant
What is an immunosuppressant?
-substance that suppresses the immune system (ex. after transplants)
What is an immunostimulant?
substance that stimulates the immune system by activating any of its components (ex. vaccine)
There are two types of immunostimulants. Describe them.
Specific:
-antigenic specificity in immune response (ex. vaccine)
Non-specific:
-augment immune response without antigenic specificity
What is echinacea used for?
- traditionally used in herbal medicine to help relieve symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections and sore throat (claim only for E. angustifolia)
- helps to relieve symptoms and shorten duration of URTI
MOA of echinacea
- increases in macrophage proliferation, phagocytosis and cytokine secretion
- activation of T-cell and NK cells
Is echinacea effective?
possibly
What is ginseng used for?
- used in TCM for deficiency of qi and yin, internal heat, cough and asthma, bloody phlegm, fire in the deficiency syndrome, etc.
- used in herbal medicine as supportive therapy for promotion of healthy glucose levels
What is ginseng possibly effective for?
- cognitive function
- influenza
What does ginseng have insufficiency evidence for?
- common cold
- blood glucose
- cognitive performance
Risk information with ginseng?
Consult HCP if:
- taking antidepressants
- taking blood thinners or digoxin
- if you have diabetes
What is cold fx used for?
helps to reduce frequency, severity and duration of cold and flu symptoms by boosting the immune system
MOA of cold fx ?
- large polysacarahides remain in GI tract
- bind to macrophages, stimulate cytokines which further activate macrophages, T cells and NK cells
Is cold fx effective?
possibly effective
Is oil of oregano effective ?
insufficient reliable evidence to rate
