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18 - Vet Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

Dogs are not _____

A

humans

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2
Q

Cats are not small ___

A

dogs

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3
Q

Herbivore

A

plant eater

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4
Q

Omnivore

A

devour everything

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5
Q

Carnivores

A

meat eaters

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6
Q

Herbivores:

_____ digestive tract, up to 10 times their body length & “fermentation vat”

A

long

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7
Q

Herbivores:

Describe their molars

A

Square and flat molars

-Increased surface area to crush and grind plants

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8
Q

Herbivores:

Describe the lower jaw

A

has a pronounced sideways motion to grind plants

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9
Q

Herbivores:

Have what in saliva?

A

CHO-digesting enzymes in saliva (amylase)

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10
Q

Omnivores:

___ length digestive tract (both vegetation and animal protein)

A

Medium

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11
Q

Gastric pH of humans is ____

A

4-5

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12
Q

Omnivores:

Describe their molars & incisors

A

Flat molars and sharp incisors

-For some tearing and some grinding

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13
Q

Omnivores:

Saliva contains ?

A

CHO digesting amylase

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14
Q

Carnivores:

Describe their digestive tracts

A

Short, simple and acidic digestive tracts: animal proteins and fat are quickly and easily digested

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15
Q

Carnivores:

What is their gastric pH?

A

1-2

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16
Q

Carnivores:

Describe their teeth

A

sharp - for killing prey and tearing/ripping meat

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17
Q

Carnivores:

Describe their molars

A

triangular with jagged serrated-edged blades

*they do not have any grinding teeth!

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18
Q

Carnivores:

How do their jaws move?

A

Jaws move vertically and open wide to swallow large chunks of meat; do not chew their food

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19
Q

Carnivores:

No ____ in saliva

A

amylase

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20
Q

look at digestion and metabolic chart on slide 10

A

okay

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21
Q

List 3 topical applications

A
  • tea tree oil
  • vitamin E
  • honey
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22
Q

List a few oral supplements

A
  • Glucosamine HCl - Chondroiten-MSM
  • probiotics
  • Coenzyme Q10
  • milk thistle
  • saw palmetto
  • omega 3 fatty acids: fish vs flax
  • slippery elm
  • vitamins
  • calcium
  • amino acids
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23
Q

List an example of homeopathy

A

traumacare

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24
Q

What are topical applications used for?

A

lumps, bumps, raw area, abrasion, scratch, sebaceous gland cyst, wart, wound

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25
Q

Why are topical meds not ideal for pets?

A

bc they have fur - requiring shaving (inconvenient)

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26
Q

_________ can be extremely poisonous if ingested especially to cats and small breed dogs

A

tea tree oil

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27
Q

______ are the toxic agent in tea tree oil

A

terpenes

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28
Q

What are some signs of tea tree oil toxicity?

A
  • drooling
  • vomiting
  • paresis
  • paralysis
  • tremors
  • seizures
  • coma
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29
Q

When do tea tree oil toxicity symptoms appear?

A

2-12 hours post exposure

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30
Q

List 4 points about vitamin E oral capsules

A
  • puncture and apply topically
  • able to absorb into skin
  • no worries if ingested
  • apply 2-3 x/day x 14 days
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31
Q

List 3 points about vitamin E topical oil

A
  • too thick
  • too sticky
  • not for ingestion
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32
Q

Describe Honey

A
  • Antibacterial
  • Antifungal
  • Anti-inflammatory
  • “Goopy and sticky” so area/skin must be wrapped
  • The only food to never go bad or rancid
  • Good for foot-pad wounds
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33
Q

What does Consumer Lab do?

A
  • Product comparisons

- Rates quality and bioavailability of supplements

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34
Q

What is Glucosamine HCl - Chondroitin - MSM used for?

A
  • arthritis/degenerative joint disease DJD

- chronic inflammation including cystitis

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35
Q

Glucosamine HCl better absorbed by ______ than Glucosamine Sulfate

A

carnivores

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36
Q

What pets are Glucosamiene HCl better for?

A

athletic dogs and senior dogs

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37
Q

Do cats get arthritis?

A

yes

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38
Q

Dose of Glucosamine HCl - Chondroitin - MSM ?

A

500-3000 mg/day (depends on the size of the animal)

*Add the mg of the ingredients to obtain the total dose

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39
Q

Side effect of Glucosamine HCl - Chondroitin - MSM

A

-Possible gastro-intestinal upset (soft stool/diarrhea) on high dose so gradually increase dose every few days

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40
Q

What pets are probiotics recommended for?

A
  • recommended for any type of digestive upset

- recommended when animals on antibiotics, during stressful times including weaning, boarding, agility trials, travel

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41
Q

What is an example of veterinary products?

A

Forti flora (100,000,000 organisms)

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42
Q

What are the human products criteria for probiotics?

A
  • Refrigerated
  • Large numbers of bacteria (1-2 billion organisms)
  • High dose (acid pH in carnivores stomach likely destroys some of the organisms)
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43
Q

Dose of probiotics ?

A

Medium to large dogs: human dose

Small dogs, cats: 1/4-1/2 human dose

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44
Q

What are PREbiotics?

A

food for the probiotics

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45
Q

Describe PREbiotics

A
  • Food ingredients travel undigested to colon
  • Ferment in colon, convert to SCFA which then inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria
  • Promote and support (feed) healthy digestive flora
  • Combine with probiotics
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46
Q

Describe the differences between Probiotics, Synbiotics, and Probiotics

A

Probiotics:

  • Food for bacteria!
  • Prebiotics are substances that can only be metabolized by the gut bacteria and not the human host

Synbiotics:
-Synbiotics are a combination of both pro and prebiotics

Probiotics:

  • Live bacteria!
  • Probiotics are active bacterial cultures
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47
Q

List some digestive enzymes

A
  • Alpha-amylase
  • Lipase
  • Cellulase
  • Protease
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48
Q

What is Co-Enzyme Q10 used for?

A
  • Heart disease
  • Gingivitis/Stomatitis
  • Cancer
  • Geriatric animals
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49
Q

Dose of Co-Enzyme Q10?

A

Small dogs and cats = 30 mg

Medium - Large dogs = 60-120 mg

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50
Q

Are there any veterinary products that have Co-Enzyme Q10 ?

A

no

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51
Q

What is the active ingredient in milk thistle?

A

-Silymarin seeds

52
Q

Milk Thistle is a ______-protectorant

53
Q

What type of animals is milk thistle used for?

A
  • For all animals on any type of long term medication

- For all animals with any type of liver or gall bladder disease including gall bladder sludge

54
Q

Dose of Milk Thistle?

A

Medium - Large dogs = 250 mg

1-2x/day (SID or BID)

55
Q

What is the best milk thistle for small dogs and cats

A

glycerin based liquid milk thistle

56
Q

What is Saw Palmetto used for?

A

benign prostatic hyperplasia

57
Q

Majority of male dogs are ______ and do not have prostate problems

58
Q

Saw palmetto has excellent effects on relaxing ?

A

the smooth muscle of the urethra

59
Q

What is FUS or FLUTD?

A

FUS: feline urologic syndrome

FLUTD: feline lower urinary tract disease

60
Q

What can saw palmetto be used for?

A
  • bladder crystals, urinary tract sludge, urethral mucous plugs in cats & dogs
  • FUS, FLUTD, in cats, urethral spasms after being catheterized, saw palmetto will unblock it?
  • dogs with bladder sphincter spasms after spinal/pelvis trauma
  • Better than Phenoxybenzamine (Rx product ?)
61
Q

Urethra of male cats/dogs

A

long & narrow urethra

62
Q

Urethra of female cats/dogs

A

short & wide urethra

63
Q

Why is a blocked urethra bad?

A

If it is blocked, they can become uremic bc they’re not getting rid of waste. If they can’t pee for a few days, they can die.

64
Q

Describe saw palmetto

A
  • Large doses are OK to use
  • Non-sedating
  • No toxicity
  • Many human products
  • Dried herb: 25-400 mg/kg divided BID or TID
  • Veterinary product: Natural Path Herbal Company glycerin extract dose 2 mL/5kg divided 2-3 x /day
  • Ureter spasms due to kidney stones ?
65
Q

Which fatty acid, fish or flax, is best for carnivores ?

A

they can only metabolize FISH oil

66
Q

Which fatty acid(s) do carnivores require?

A
  • Linoleic acid (Omega 6) - DHA
  • Linolenic acid (Omega 3) - EPA
  • Arachidonic acid (from animal fat)
67
Q

What is the optimum ratio of Omega 6: Omega 3?

A

-Optimum ratio is now thought to be 2:1

Many processed foods were 20:1, now about 10:1

68
Q

Fish based fatty acids are absorbed and easily utilized by ______

A

carnivores

69
Q

Fish based fatty acids have powerful ___________ properties

A

anti-inflammatory

70
Q

_______ (cats & dogs) can readily absorb and process Omega 3’s from animal sources

A

Carnivores

71
Q

Cats require _______ ______ (from animal fats); they cannot process it from linoleic acid (Dogs can tho)

A

Arachidonic acid

72
Q

Vegetable oil omega 3’s require more chemical modification to form biologically active substances AND also contain high amounts of _______ _

73
Q

Which foods have Omega 3 in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) form

A

Flax, Walnuts, Hemp, Chia

74
Q

ALA needs to be converted to _____ and then _____ to be EFFECTIVE

A

EPA and then DHA

75
Q

Dogs: Only _____% of ALA is converted to DHA

76
Q

Carnivores fed commercial diets have an excess of Omega __ FA in their diet.

77
Q

Excess Omega 6 can have ___________ effects

A

pro-inflammatory

78
Q

Carnivores require Omega 3 from a _____ source

79
Q

Carnivores should NOT be getting a combo of ?

A

Omega 3-6 or Omega 3-6-9

80
Q

What is the bottom line for pet owners ?

A

Buy ONLY fish based Omega 3’s, NOT flax

**Do not buy omega 6 or omega 9, they already have enough in dog & cat’s diet already

**Add the EPA & DHA #’s to get the highest number for anti-inflammatory effect

81
Q

Omega 3’s are fragile especially to ____ or ____

A

heat or light

82
Q

Contrast the Triglyceride form and the Ethyl Ester form of Omega 3’s Fish Based.

A

Triglyceride form:

  • higher cost
  • higher bioavailability
  • less likely to degrade
  • more stable

Ethyl Ester form:

  • easier, cheaper
  • higher amounts of EPA & DHA
  • more unstable
83
Q

What is slippery elm for?

A
  • diarrhea of any type
  • also for bronchitis and cough

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) says that the the lungs and large intestine are paired

84
Q

What does the inner bark of slippery elm contain?

A

mucilage and antioxidants

85
Q

Dose of slippery elm ?

A

Dose: Dried herb
50-400 mg/kg divided TID

Infusion of powder
5g/cup COLD water, then administered 1/4-1/2 cup/10 kg divided TID

86
Q

Dogs can make _______ from beta-carotene (veggies)

87
Q

Cats cannot make ______ and must get it from liver, meat, fish eggs, diary (or supplements)

88
Q

Vitamin A:

Who can and can’t make it?

A

Dogs can

Cats cannot

89
Q

Dose of Vitamin A for cats?

A

75 IU/kg/day

90
Q

Chronic _____ in pets can sometimes respond to B12 injections

91
Q

B12 exclusively found in ?

A

animal products, plants contain none

92
Q

Dogs & Cats can synthesize _____ _____ into vitamin C

A

Ascorbic Acid

93
Q

Dose of vitamin C?

A

50 mg/kg up to 1000mg/day

94
Q

Side effect of vitamin C in high doses

A

gastritis and diarrhea

95
Q

Can cats and dogs manufacture Vitamin D from the sun?

96
Q

How do cats and dogs get vitamin D?

A

natural sources are fish liver oil, fatty fish, egg yolk, milk and it’s by-products

97
Q

D2 = ______

98
Q

D3 = ______

99
Q

Dose of vitamin D

A

75 IU/kg body weight/ day

100
Q

What is vitamin E found in?

A

wheat germ, liver, eggs

101
Q

What is the most potent form of vitamin E

A

D-alpha = natural (most “potent”)

102
Q

Dose of Vitamin E for pets

A

400-800 IU/day

103
Q

Side effects/toxicity of Vitamin E?

104
Q

Animals fed _____/day for months showed no side effects

105
Q

Calcium must be balanced with ______

A

phosphorus

106
Q

Most forms of calcium are well absorbed. Bonemeal oral, non-toxic, do not confuse with ______ ________

A

gardening bonemeal

107
Q

What are the essential amino acids for Dogs (10) ?

A 
Arginine
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine
108
Q

What are the essential amino acids for Cats (11) ?

A

All 10 (same for dogs)
+
Taurine

*Taurine is available in raw hearts, not cooked hearts

109
Q

____ _____ supplements:

-often have many of the essential amino acids required by cats and dogs (for anorexic pets)

A

Whey powder

110
Q

Principle of Homeopathy ?

A

“like cures like”

111
Q

Who invented Homeopathy?

A

Dr. Samuel Hahnemann

112
Q

Define Homeopathy

A
  • A system of medical practise that treats a disease especially by the administration of minute doses of a remedy that would in larger amounts produce in healthy persons symptoms similar to those of the disease
  • Sometimes described as a “pseudo-science”
  • Very popular in Europe
  • Many European Physicians prescribe homeopathic remedies
  • OTC products, readily available
  • Very safe
113
Q

What is Trauma care?

A
  • She takes it when she runs half marathons to prevent stiffness
  • Tablet form
  • Liquid form: Alcohol base, dilute with warm water to evaporate off the alcohol
114
Q

What is Rescue Remedy?

A
  • Bach Flower Remedies
  • Dr. Edward Bach developed it
  • Use high doses, very safe
115
Q

What are the 3 toxins to beware of?

A
  • Tea tree oil
  • Acetaminophen
  • Xylitol
116
Q

TOXINS:

-tea tree oil must be diluted ______ with water

117
Q

TOXINS:

____ are very susceptible to acetaminophen toxicity

118
Q

TOXINS:

Toxic dose of acetaminophen

A

10mg/kg body weight

*average cat weights 5-6 kg

119
Q

TOXINS:

How is acetaminophen toxic to cats?

A
  • Liver damage
  • Met-hemoglobin is formed: cannot transport oxygen
  • Time frame: reaches bloodstream within 30 minutes of swallowing; clinical signs within a few hours
120
Q

TOXINS:

Clinical signs of acetaminophen toxicity

A
  • depression
  • weakness
  • tachypnea
  • dyspnea
  • cyanosis
  • vomiting
  • methemaglobinemia (mucous membranes are muddy brown)
  • facial/paw edema
  • death
121
Q

TOXINS:

Why do cats develop acetaminophen toxicity?

A

cats do not have an enzyme to metabolize the drug, resulting in toxicity

122
Q

TOXINS:

Tylenol doses range from 80-650 mg, low dose ___ can kill a cat!!

123
Q

TOXINS:

What is Xylitol?

A

artificial sweetener in gum and candy

124
Q

TOXINS:

Xylitol is poisonous to ____

125
Q

TOXINS:

How is Xylitol poisonous to dogs?

A
  • potent release of insulin in pancreas of non-primates

- hypoglycemia and hepatic necrosis

126
Q

TOXINS:

Is Xylitol toxic to cats?

A

Unknown if toxic or not, assume it is!

127
Q

TOXINS:

Toxic dose of Xylitol ?

A

0.1 grams/kg body weight

  • Stick of gum contains 0.3-0.4 grams
  • 1 stick of gum can poison a 5kg dog

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