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Ap European History > 8. Constitutionalism: Dutch Republic and England > Flashcards

8. Constitutionalism: Dutch Republic and England Flashcards

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1
Q

2 government types in European nations

A
  1. Constitutionalism - England, Dutch republic

2. Absolutism - France, Spain, Eastern Europe

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2
Q

Political situation in the Dutch Republic-
how many provinces?
power?

A
  • each 7 provinces independent
  • no absolute power ruler
  • power passed into hands of wealthy merchants
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3
Q

Religious situation in Dutch Republic?

Resulted in?

A
  • Calvinism dominant, but tolerated all religions

- helped created cosmopolitan society promoting commerce

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4
Q

Leading financial center of Europe in 17th century

A

Dutch Republic’s Amsterdam

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5
Q

What replaced Italians as the bankers of Europe?

A

Amsterdam Exchange Bank

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6
Q

Dutch East Indies Company

A

displaced Portuguese in control of spice trade in East Indies

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7
Q

Dutch golden age of artistic achievement
years?
major artists?

A
  • 1600s

- Frans Hals, Rembrandt, Vermeer

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8
Q

Characteristics of Dutch art

A

Unlike Baroque, focused on nation’s prosperous merchants

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9
Q

Why did Dutch Republic decline

A

Costly wars with England and France

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10
Q

Gentry

A

in England, the wealthy landowners who dominated House of Commons

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11
Q

What was unusual about English gentry?

its consequences?

A
  • were willing to pay taxes
  • tax burden less excessive on the peasantry,
  • demanded a role in determining national expenditures, creating conflict with Stuart kings
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12
Q

by end of 17th century, largest religion in England?

A

Calvinists (Puritans), demanded changes in Anglican church

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13
Q

issue between king vs. parliament in England

A
  • Stuart kings wanted to be free of parliament and believed they had divine rights
  • House of Commons demanded stronger voice in political affairs
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14
Q

Church issues in English Anglican Church

A

Stuart kings vs. people (puritans)

Episcopal form vs. Presbyterian form of organization

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15
Q

Episcopal form vs. Presbyterian form

A

Episcopal - only king and bishops determine doctrines of church
Presbyterian - allowed church members greater voice in running the church

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16
Q

English rulers/power shift from 1603 - 1688

A

James I (1603-1625) –> Charles I (1625-1649) –> civil war –> Interregnum under Oliver Cromwell (1649-1658) –> Restoration under Charles II (1660-1685) –> James II (1685-1688)

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17
Q

James I
beliefs?
work published?

A
  • royal authority came directly from God

- “The True Law of Free Monarchies”

18
Q

James I vs. parliament

A

James didn’t listen to the Puritans of the Parliament who wanted to rid the Church of England of the bishops (“popish remnants”)

James I: “No bishops, no king”

19
Q

Petition of Right year? who? why?

A
  • 1628
  • Charles I
  • In return for grants of money from parliament, he signed it that gave more right to the people and parliament
20
Q

What happened when William Laud attempted to impose the English Prayer Book on the Scottish Presbyterian Church?

A

Scots formed an army and occupied northern England determined to defend their religion.

21
Q

English Civil War
years?
fought between?

A
  • 1642 ~ 1649

- Cavaliers vs. Roundheads

22
Q

Cavaliers

A

aristocrats, nobles, church officials who remained royal to king. favored monarchy and Anglican Church

23
Q

Roundheads

A

Puritans, middleclass businessmen favoring Parliament and Presbyterian church

24
Q

Who led the Roundheads to defeat Cavaliers?

what did he do? (2 things)

A

Oliver Cromwell

  • organized New Model Army
  • executed Charles I
25
Q

government system under Oliver Cromwell?

What did it do?

A

The Commonwealth

- abolished monarchy and the House of Lords. Thus, one-house Parliament had political power

26
Q

In 1653, what did Cromwell do?

A

took the title Lord Protector, establishing a one man rule supported by the army

27
Q

Cromwell’s foreign policy against the Dutch

A
  • Navigation Act of 1651: designed to give greater control over American colonies
  • series of wars that weakened Dutch
28
Q

What kind of society did Cromwell and puritans attempt to create?

A

strict moral code that censored the press, prohibited sports, and closed theaters

29
Q

What two radical groups did Cromwell oppose?

describe them

A
  • Levellers: advocated universal manhood suffrage + written constitution for equal rights to all
  • Quakers: reject religious hierarchies and allow women to preach
30
Q

What happened when Cromwell died in 1658

A

His son Richard did not command the same respect, so Parliament invited Prince Charles Stuart, the eldest son of Charles I to return from exile

31
Q

what occurred during Charles II’s reign?

A

Restoration

32
Q

What did the Parliament divide into?

Why?

A
  • Tories and Whigs

- b/c of debate over James II

33
Q

Significance of Whigs and Tories

A

world’s first political parties

34
Q

What did James II do

A

determined to return England to Catholicism

35
Q

What came after Restoration and James II?

A

Glorious Revolution

36
Q

What power shift happened in the Glorious Revolution?

A

overthrow of James II in favor of William of Orange and Mary(daughter of James II)

37
Q

Glorious Revolution = (document)

A

Bill of Rights 1689, placed clear limits to the power of English monarchy

38
Q

Glorious Revolution shaped England’s government into:

A

constitutional monarchy controlled by an aristocratic oligarchy

39
Q

Thomas Hobbes wrote?
influenced by?
major beliefs?

A
  • “Leviathan”
  • horrors of English Civil War
  • human beings innately brutish and need absolute political authority to be controlled
40
Q

John Locke published?

major beliefs?

A
  • “Second Treatise of Government”

- unlike hobbes, humans are creatures of reason and goodwill, tabula rasa

41
Q

Locke’s major theory

A

“natural rights”

42
Q

Hobbes vs Locke on the subject of government types

A
  • Hobbes: strong government, absolute and unlimited
  • Locke: Limited government to safeguard people’s natural rights. If rulers betray this trust, the governed have the right to replace them

Ap European History (26 decks)

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