22. Cold War and Beyond

Question 1

What is Containment

Answer 1

foreign policy designed to contain or block Soviet expansion

Question 2

What was the Truman Doctrine’s goal?

what did it do?

Answer 2

block the expansion of Soviet influence into Greece and Turkey
- $400 million in economic aid for Greece and Turkey

Question 3

What was Marshall Plan

Answer 3

program of economic aid to

1) promote recovery of war-torn Europe while also
2) preventing the spread of Soviet influence

Question 4

NATO Alliance

what is the significance in terms of US’s pov

Answer 4

North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a defensive military alliance
- Marked a decisive break from America’s tradition of isolationism

Question 5

How did Soviet Union respond to the NATO?

Who was in it?

Answer 5

Warsaw Pact, linking the Soviet Union with 7 Eastern European countries including Poland, East Germany

Question 6

Germany after WWII: sequence of events:

Answer 6

Divided into 4 occupation zones –> Creation of West/East Germany

Question 7

When Soviet Union cut off Western land access to West Berlin, How did Truman react?

Answer 7

Berlin Airlift

Question 8

The Cold War can be described as:

Answer 8

test of wills between US and SU

Question 9

In reviving the Economy of Western Europe, Jean Monnet, a French economic planner, contributed by coming up with a plan of economic cooperation: project to become known as the Schuman Plan. This plan led to the creation of ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community). ECSC’s success led its six member nations to sign the Treaty of _______, creating the ________.

Answer 9

• Treaty of Rome

- European Economic Community (EEC)

Question 10

What did EEC (aka Common Market) do among its members?

Answer 10

eliminated trade barriers, closely resembling a tariff union

Question 11

Later, the Treaty of Maastricht did what to the EEC?

Answer 11

transformed the EEC into the European Union (EU)

Question 12

Summarize the Economic Integration in Western Europe

Answer 12

ECSC –> EEC –> EU

Question 13

The Fifth French Republic established in 1958 under

Answer 13

Charles De Gaulle

Question 14

De Gaulle’s key foreign policy decisions:(4)

Answer 14

• Grant Algeria full independence
• Withdrew from NATO
• Developed France’s own nuclear weapons
• Opposed GB’s entry into EEC

Question 15

Who was leader after Stalin died

Answer 15

Khrushchev

Question 16

What was Khrushchev’s secret speech

Answer 16

Khrushchev boldly attacked Stalin in the speech, and denounced Stalin’s reign of terror and rejected his “cult of personality”

Question 17

What is Khrushchev’s famous program of granting more freedom called?

Answer 17

de-Stalinization

Question 18

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn’s novel “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”

Answer 18

novel describing horrors of life in Stalinist concentration camp

Question 19

Boris Pasternak’s novel “Doctor Zhivago”

Answer 19

challenged principles of communism

Question 20

Sputnik?

significance?

Answer 20

Soviet Union successfully launched the satellite into orbit

- symbol of Soviet technological prowess, beginnings of space race

Question 21

Why did Khrushchev help East Germans to build the Berlin Wall?
what is the significance of the Berlin Wall?

Answer 21

• to stop the flow of refugees

- symbol of Communist oppression

Question 22

De-Stalinization raised hopes for more freedom in Eastern Europe, and a wave of strikes and protests swept across the Soviet sphere of influence. How did Khrushchev react and were these protests successful?

Answer 22

• Khrushchev responded by ordering the Red Army to crush the rebellions

Question 23

After Khrushchev, Soviet Union under Brezhnev experienced economic __________.

Answer 23

Stagnation

Question 24

When Czechoslovakian leader initiated a program of democratic reforms, Brezhnev invaded and removed him from power. This invasion was justified by claiming that Soviet Union and its allies had the right to intervene in the domestic affairs of other Communist countries. This declaration became known as the

Answer 24

Brezhnev Doctrine

Question 25

What is the Détente?

Answer 25

President Nixon’s policy to reduce tensions w/ Sov Union.

the two superpowers agreed to limit nuclear arms and expand trade

Question 26

New leader of Soviet Union who is associated with reforms that collapsed Communism

Answer 26

Mikhail Gorbachev

Question 27

Gorbachev’s reforms in 3 stages:

Answer 27

Glasnost (openness) -> Perestroika (economic restructuring) -> Demokratizatsiya (democratization)

Question 28

Gorbachev’s Demokratizatsiya called for the election of a new legislature:

Answer 28

Congress of People’s Deputies

Question 29

Poland peacefully turned the Communist regime out of power with the democratic trade union called _______

Answer 29

Solidarity

Question 30

How did the Soviet Union Collapse?

Answer 30

Communist hard-liners attempted to preserve the SU by overthrowing Gorbachev with a military coup, but it was thwarted by the Russian people who were willing to defend their freedom. Thus, when it was apparent that SU had finally collapsed and Russian Republic come to power, Gorbachev resigned.

Question 31

Who led as the president of the Russian Republic which overthrew Sov Union?

Answer 31

Boris Yeltsin

Question 32

key demographic trends after WWII

1. Birthrates
2. Result of decolonization?

Answer 32

1. at first rates rose in 1950s then declined

2. Former colonial peoples migrated to Europe