6. Catholic Reformation, Wars of Religion

Question 1

Which pope started the new generation of popes who began committing themselves to counter-reformation? From What year?

Answer 1

Pope Paul III, 1534

Question 2

Council of Trent did:

Answer 2

1. Rejected protestant beliefs
2. Reformed church abuses such as indulgences
3. Resisted limiting papal authority

Question 3

Jesuits =?

Why was is created

Answer 3

• Society of Jesus, authorized by Pope Paul III

- to combat protestantism + missionary

Question 4

Baroque Art purpose?

Answer 4

works of art should be employed to stimulate religious piety/devotion

Question 5

Characteristics of Baroque art

Answer 5

• used tenebrism: dramatic use of light & dark

- focus on dramatic moments

Question 6

1556, what did Charles V of HRE do?

NOTE: Peace of Augsburg happened 1555

Answer 6

Voluntary abdication

• left his brother Ferdinand Holy Roman Emperor
• son Philip II as King of Spain

Question 7

Philip II’s ambitious goals:

Answer 7

1. Spanish power in Europe
2. Catholicism in Europe
3. defeat Ottoman Turks

Question 8

Philip II vs. the Netherlands

full story

Answer 8

Philip’s ill-considered actions provoked and united the Netherlands against Spanish. They converted to Calvinism. Duke of Parma of Spain was able to reaffirm 10 southern provinces back loyal to Spain. War for control of Netherlands continued till 1609, until a truce: the 7 northern provinces gained independence, known as Dutch. the southern provinces stayed Spanish Netherlands.

Question 9

What did Philip do against England?

why?

Answer 9

• Spanish Armada

- mad at Elizabeth’s interference in assisting the Dutch rebels.

Question 10

Consequence of Philip’s defeats in Netherlands and England:
On Spain itself?
On the Dutch?
In England?

Answer 10

• Spain began a long political and economic decline
• Dutch began golden age of commercial prosperity
• England’s power increased as Spain’s influence declined. They were free to colonize North America

Question 11

Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
year?
where?
describe?

Answer 11

• 1572
• Paris
• at Henry of Navarre (huguenot leader)’s wedding, Catholics kill thousands of Huguenots

Question 12

Henry of Navarre = ?

How did he become king-war involved?

Answer 12

• Henry IV, first Bourbon king of France

- War of the Three Henrys

Question 13

Who did Henry IV succeed? Year?

Major house change?

Answer 13

Henry III of House of Valois. 1589

Valois –> Bourbon

Question 14

Who were the Politiques of France?

the leading politique?

Answer 14

• People who recognized that the French Religious Wars must be stopped
• Henry of Navarre

Question 15

What did Henry IV say? why?

Answer 15

“Paris is worth a mass”

majority of French were Catholics, and when he couldn’t win his kingdom back by conquest, he decided to save the country by converting to Catholicism. It was out of love of his country, thus making him a politique.

Question 16

Henry issued this in 1598

Answer 16

Edict of Nantes, tolerated Calvinism and recognized the rights of French Protestants

Question 17

Thirty Years’ War
years?
basic conflict/reason?

Answer 17

• 1618 ~ 1648
• Religious conflicts in over 300 small principalities of HRE. So, basically, the Peace of Augsburg set up the war by granting “cuius regio, ejus religio”

Question 18

1608, protestant states formed?

1609, catholic states formed?

Answer 18

• Protestant Union
• Catholic League
• each to defend their interests

Question 19

The 4 phases of 30 years’ war?

Answer 19

Bohemian Phase –> Danish Phase –> Swedish Phase –> French Phase

Question 20

Phase 1 of 30 years’ war
describe?
which side won more?

Answer 20

Bohemian Phase

• Began as religious civil war in Bohemia
• Ferdinand II’s Catholic League vs. Frederick V’s Protestant Union
• Catholic League won

Question 21

Phase 2 of 30 Years’ war
describe?
which side won more?

Answer 21

Danish Phase

• Lutheran ruler of Denmark intervene to support Protestants
• still, protestant side lost to catholics and imperial armies

Question 22

Phase 3 of 30 Years’ War
describe (major person)?
which side won more?

Answer 22

Swedish Phase

• Lutheran king of Sweden, Gustavus Adolphus intervenes to help Protestants
• finally, protestants defeat imperial forces, preventing the Hapsburgs from uniting Germany

Question 23

Phase 4 of 30 Years’ War
describe?
consequence?

Answer 23

French Phase

• France intervened on Protestant side (although they were catholics) to make sure no unity forms in Germany
• German commerce is destroyed

Question 24

Which peace ended the Thirty Years’ War?

year?

Answer 24

• 1648

- Peace of Westphalia

Question 25

Consequences of the Thirty Years’ War-
for German?
for France?

Answer 25

• Germany is destroyed, and a unification is delayed for 2 centuries
• France emerges as strongest power in Europe