8

Question 1

Group Contingency

Answer 1

A contingency in which consequences are delivered to some or all members of a group as a function of the performance of one, several, or all of its members

Question 2

Dependent Group Contingency

Answer 2

A contingency in which reinforcement for all members of a group is dependent on the behavior of one member of the group or the behavior of a select group of members within the larger group.

Question 3

Interdependent Group Contingency

Answer 3

A contingency in which reinforcement for all members of a group is dependent on each member of the group meeting a performance criterion; failure to meet criterion for any member results in no one receiving the consequence

Question 4

Independent Group Contingency

Answer 4

A contingency in which reinforcement for each member of a group is dependent on that person’s meeting a performance criterion that is in effect for all members of the group

Question 5

Advantages of Group Contingencies

Answer 5

1) it can save time; 2) can be effective in producing behavior change; 3) can be used when an individual contingency is impractical; 4) can be used when a problem must be resolved quickly; 5) can capitalize on peer influence and monitoring; 6) can help facilitate positive social interactions and group cohesion

Question 6

Disadvantages of Group Contingencies

Answer 6

1) peer pressure 2) bullying 3) scapegoating 4) coercion 5) may not be effective for all individuals 6) sabotaging

Question 7

Guidelines for Group Contingencies

Answer 7

1) choose effective reward 2) determine target behavior and collateral behaviors 3) use appropriate criteria 4) combine with other procedures when appropriate 5) select appropriate contingency 6) monitor group and individual performance

Question 8

Ethical Considerations for Group Contingencies

Answer 8

• harmful group pressure
• scapegoating
• assessing effectiveness with group data (is everyone improving, not just group as a whole?)
• inappropriate prerequisites (for certain individuals)

Question 9

Good Behavior Game

Answer 9

An interdependent group contingency in which a group is divided into 2 or more teams and compete against each other for a consequence resulting from lower occurrences of disruptive behaviors

Question 10

Good Student Game

Answer 10

Combination of an interdependent group contingency with self-monitoring tactics. During independent work the teacher chooses a target behavior, determines the goals and rewards, determines whether group or individual monitoring will occur

Question 11

Behavioral Contracts

Answer 11

Written document between two or more people in which a contingency is specified between the completion of a target behavior and access to a specified rewards

Question 12

Behavioral Contract Components

Answer 12

Task, Reward, and Task Record

Question 13

Task

Answer 13

WHO will perform the task/receive the reward, WHAT is the task, WHEN the task must be completed by, HOW WELL or to what extent the task must be completed

Question 14

Reward

Answer 14

WHO will judge task completion/deliver reward, WHAT is the reward, WHEN they will receive the reward following completion, HOW MUCH of the reward can be earned

Question 15

Task Record

Answer 15

Two purposes:

1. recording completion and delivery allows all parties to review contract regularly
2. Making a mark on the contract, such as a sticker, every time a student performs the task can help him stay on task until the criterion is reached and the reward is earned

Question 16

Self Contract

Answer 16

A contingency contract that a person makes with themselves, incorporating a self-selected task and reward as well as personal monitoring of task completion and self-delivery of reward

Question 17

Self Management

Answer 17

The personal application of behavior change tactics that produces a desired change in behavior

Question 18

Self Control

Answer 18

The ability to control impulses and delay short term gratification for greater long term rewards

Question 19

Methods for Self Management

Answer 19

Manipulate MOs, provide response prompts, provide stimulus prompts, identify alternative behaviors, perform initial steps of behavior chain, remove materials required for undesirable behavior, limit undesired behavior to restricted stimulus conditions, dedicate specific environment for desired behavior, self monitor, set goals/evaluate progress, self administer consequences

Question 20

Benefits of Self Management

Answer 20

influence behavior not accessible to external agents, address behaviors that external agents often miss, promotes generalization and maintenance of behavior change, self management skills can control many behaviors, diverse abilities can learn self management, leads to contributing to efficient and effective group environments, ultimate goal of education

Question 21

Self Management Applications

Answer 21

More effective / efficient in daily life, replace bad habits with good ones, accomplish difficult tasks, and achieve personal goals

Question 22

Examples of Manipulating MOs

Answer 22

Eating before going grocery shopping resulting in purchasing fewer items

Question 23

Example of performing initial steps in chain

Answer 23

Placing rain jacket by door to remember it when you leave and avoid getting wet

Question 24

Example of removing items necessary for undesired behaviors

Answer 24

Removing all sweets from home when on a diet

Question 25

Example of limiting undesired behavior to restricted stimulus conditions

Answer 25

Designating a specific area/conditions one can smoke in

Question 26

Example of dedicating a specific environment for desired behavior

Answer 26

Selecting a specific place to study

Question 27

Example of self monitoring

Answer 27

Tracking calories eaten each day

Question 28

Example of setting goals / evaluating progress

Answer 28

Identifying goal for running a mile, collect data each day on time and analyze at the end of each week

Question 29

Example of self administering consequences

Answer 29

Putting $5 on fridge and giving to roommate if exercise goal is not met at the end of the week

Question 30

Example of providing response prompts

Answer 30

Covert self guiding through math homework (i.e. “first add this, then carry this number, finally add this”)

Question 31

Example of providing stimulus prompts

Answer 31

Placing healthy food at eye level in kitchen when on diet

Question 32

Example of identifying alternative behaviors

Answer 32

Purchasing sparkling waters to replace soda drinking