7.human nutrition Flashcards
balanced diet
a diet that contains all of the required nutrients in suitable proportions and the right amount of energy
nutrients
carbs, fats and oils, proteins, vitamins, minerals, fibre, water
liver
a large dark red organ that carries out many different functions including the production of bile and the regulation of blood glucose concentration
pancreas
a creamy-white organ lying close to the stomach which secretes pancreatic juice and the hormones insulin and glucagon
ingestion
the taking of food and drink into the body
digestion
the breakdown of food
absorption
the movement of nutrients from the alimentary canal into the blood
assimilation
the uptake and use of nutrients by cells
egestion
the removal of undigested food from the body as faeces
physical digestion
the breakdown of food into smaller pieces, without making chemical changes so they can be absorbed
chemical digestion
the breakdown of large insoluble molecules in food into smaller soluble molecules so that they can be absorbed
anus
the exit from the alimentary canal through which faeces are removed
sphincter muscles
rings of muscle that contract to close a tube
mucus
a smooth viscous fluid secreted by many different organs in the body
goblet cells
cells found in the lining of the respiratory passages and digestive system which secrete mucus
salivary glands
groups of cells close to the mouth which secrete saliva into the salivary ducts
oesophagus
the tube leading from the mouth to the stomach
trachea
the tube through which air travels to the lungs
stomach
a wide part of the alimentary canal in which food can be stored for a while, and where the digestion of protein begins
lumen
the space in the centre of a tube through which substances can pass
duodenum
the first part of the small intestine into which the pancreatic duct and bile duct empty fluids
small intestine
a long narrow part of the alimentary canal consisting of the duodenum and ileum
colon
first part of large intestine
ileum
second part of small intestine where most absorption takes place
pancreatic duct
tube that carries pancreatic fluid from pancreas to duodenum
large intestine
a relatively wide part of the alimentary canal consisting of the colon and rectum
rectum
second part of large intestine where faeces is produced and stored
bile
an alkaline fluid produced by the liver which helps with fat digestion
gall bladder
a small organ that stores bile before the bile is released into the duodenum
bile duct
the tube that carries bile from the gall bladder to the duodenum
enamel
the very strong material that covers the surface of a tooth
dentine
a living tissue that lies just beneath the enamel of a tooth
cement
the material that holds a tooth in the gum
epithelium
a tissue that covers a surface in an animal
pepsin
a protease enzyme secreted in gastric juice
gastric juice
a liquid secreted by the walls of the stomach that contains pepsin and hydrochloric acid
trypsin
a protease enzyme secreted by the pancreas
emulsifies
break down large drops of fat or oil into smaller droplets
villi
very small finger-like projections that line the inner surface of the small intestine
microvilli
tiny folds on the surface of the cells of the epithelium of the villi in the small intestine
lacteals
small vessels that absorb fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine
