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biology igcse everything > 12. coordination and response > Flashcards

12. coordination and response Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

stimuli

A

changes in the environment that can be detected by organisms

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2
Q

receptors

A

cells or groups of cells that detect stimuli

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3
Q

effectors

A

parts of the body that respond to a stimulus

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4
Q

coordination

A

ensuring that the actions of different parts of the body work together

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5
Q

nerve

A

a group of neurone axons lying together

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6
Q

neurone

A

a cell that is specialised for conducting electrical impulses rapidly

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7
Q

motor neurone

A

a neurone that transmits electrical impulses from the central nervous system to an effector

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8
Q

axon

A

a long thin fibre of cytoplasm that extends from the cell body of a neurone

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9
Q

dendrites

A

short fibres of cytoplasm in a neurone

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10
Q

nerve impulse

A

an electrical signal that passes rapidly along an axon

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11
Q

CNS central nervous system

A

the brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

PNS peripheral nervous system

A

nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

sensory neurone

A

a neurone that transmits electrical impulses from a receptor to the central nervous system

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14
Q

relay neurone

A

a neurone that transmits electrical impulses within the central nervous system

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15
Q

reflex arc

A

a series of neurones that transmit electrical impulses from a receptor to an effector

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16
Q

reflex action

A

a means of automatically and rapidly integrating and coordination stimuli with the responses of effectors

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17
Q

synaptic gap

A

a tiny gap between two neurones at a synapse

18
Q

synapse

A

a junction between 2 neurones

19
Q

neurotransmitter

A

a chemical stored in vesicles at the end of neurones which can be released to diffuse across the synaptic gap and set up an electrical impulse in the next neurone

20
Q

receptor proteins

A

proteins on the membrane of the seconds neurone at a synapse which have a complimentary shape to the molecules of neurotrasmitter

21
Q

sense organ

A

a group of receptor cells that are able to respond to a specific stimulus

22
Q

retina

A

a tissue at the back of the eye that contains receptor cells that respond to light

23
Q

optic nerve

A

the nerve that carries electrical impulses from the retina to the brain

24
Q

blind spot

A

the part of the retina where the optic nerve leaves and there are no recpetor cells

25
Q

fovea

A

the part of the retina where cone cells are very tightly packed and light is focused

26
Q

rods

A

receptor cells in the retina that responf to dim light but do not detect colour

27
Q

cones

A

receptor cells in the retina that are sensitive to light of different colours but only function in bright light

28
Q

iris

A

the coloured part of the eye that contains muscles that alter the size of the pupil

29
Q

pupil

A

a circular gap in the middle of the iris

30
Q

iris reflex

A

an automatic response to a change in light intensity

31
Q

antagonistic muscles

A

a pair of muscles whose contraction has opposite effects

32
Q

cornea

A

a transparent layer near the front of the eye which refracts light rays entering the eye

33
Q

lens

A

a transparent structure in the eye which changes shape to focus light rays onto the retina

34
Q

accommodation

A

changing the sha[e of the lens to focus on objects at different distances from the eye

35
Q

suspensory ligament

A

strong inelastic fibres that hold the lens in position

36
Q

ciliary muscle

A

a circle of muscle surrounding the lens and joined to it by the suspensory ligament

37
Q

hormones

A

chemicals that are produced by a gland and carried in the blood, which alter the activities of their specific target organs

38
Q

adrenaline

A

a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands which prepares the body for fight or flight

39
Q

tropism

A

a growth response by a plant in which the direction of growth is related to the direction of the stimulus

40
Q

phototropism

A

a response in which part of a plant grows towards or away from the direction from which light is coming

41
Q

gravitropism

A

a response in which part of a plant grows towards or away from gravity

42
Q

auxin

A

a plant hormone made in the tips of shoots which causes cells to elongate

biology igcse everything (20 decks)

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