Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pre-Vet 3 > 7B. Growth and Development > Flashcards

7B. Growth and Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 factors that affect carcass composition?

A
  1. Breed of animals (because of frame size)
  2. Gender
  3. Plane of nutrition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Explain this graph for cattle

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Explain this graph for swine

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Explain the effects of breed (frame size) on carcass composition

A
  • Different maturity types of animals have a marked influence on carcass composition at similar live weight
  • Early-maturing types increase fat deposition at lighter weights than either the medium or large frame breeds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Explain this graph

A
  • The 3 different frame sizes have a similar composition at 1100lb (small), 1300 (medium) , 1500lb (large)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
A

top = large frame
bottom = small frame

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

For medium framed and large framed steer with the same body weight and rate of gain, who needs the most net energy and protein?

A

Net energy: medium
Protein: large

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What influence does sex have on carcass composition in beef?

A

Primarily on the fat in each sex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Explain the example of heifers and its influence in carcass composition

A

Heifers deposit fat earlier than steers or bulls while bulls are leaner at the same slaughter weight
- Results in heifers typically slaughtered at lighter weights than steers in order to ensure a similar fat to lean ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the influences of sex on carcass composition in swine

A
  • Barrows are fatter than gilts or boars at similar slaughter weights
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the influences of sex on carcass composition in sheep?

A

At typical slaughter weights, the sex differences do not have a marked effect on fat and lean composition
- Sheep are slaughtered earlier than cattle or swine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are some trends found in swine breeding?

A
  • Trait selection has led to faster growth rates and hence larger framed pigs at slaughter weights
  • Increase in mature size means that at any given slaughter weight the pig is less mature and less fat
  • Thats why its important to be fed for stage of maturity not size
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are some reasons to castrate even though uncastrated males grow faster and leaner?

A
  1. Boar taint - unpleasant aroma and taste
  2. Dark cutters - looks like freezer burnt, purple, decreases price, poor storage properties, tougher (also caused by stress during transport)
  3. Handling and breeding
  4. Easier to control
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Explain this graph

A
  • This shows the effect of plane of nutrition on growth and body composition
  • An animal that has put on 100kg of muscle and bone on a medium energy diet will have less fat than one on a high energy diet
  • Add more fat to the diet by starch (grains) - feeding actual fat is effected by the inclusion rate so you won’t necessarily get fatter livestock.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is compensatory growth and how does it work?

A

Rapid weight gain following a period of reduced nutrient intake when its placed back on a high quality diet
- Since the animal is underweight for its age, increased nutrient intake is usually noted leading to a fairly rapid and efficient gain in body, this phenomenon tends to ensure that a certain final size is reached.
- Some species don’t tolerate this - like chickens, they get stressed and wont feed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What factor affects the extent of compensatory growth?

A

Duration and severity of the nutritional restriction
- The greater the reduction in live weight due to poor nutrition, the greater the compensatory growth
- Younger ones don’t bounce back as good as older cattle does

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Explain this graph

A
  • Lines A, B, and C show different growth patterns of broilers reaching 2 kg at 42 days.
  • Line B represents steady, uniform growth—ideal for minimizing stress with no big jumps or slowdowns.
  • Line A shows fast early growth, then slower growth as the bird gets closer to market weight.
  • Line C shows slower early growth, then faster growth later to catch up before reaching market weight
18
Q

Explain this graph

A

Bird C has better feed conversion because it’s smaller than Bird A at the same age, so it needs less feed to maintain its body.
This means Bird C is cheaper to raise early on, as its lower body weight reduces maintenance needs compared to Bird A.

19
Q

What is growth promotion?

A

Administration of a non-nutritive feed additive to enhance growth over a period of time
- Results in enhanced and physiological performance
- Safe for livestock and no health concerns for consumers

20
Q

List four examples of growth promotants.

A

Ionophores, antibiotics, hormonal implants, beta-agonists

21
Q

Where are hormone implants?

A

Small, slow release pellets placed under the skin in the ear to enhance the production of hormones
- Directs growth towards muscle and away from fat which boosts growth rate and less feed for the animal to gain weight
- Somatotrophin (growth) and steroids (androgens and estrogens)

22
Q

Give 3 examples of natural hormones with synthetic versions used in implants.

A
  1. Estradiol - Zeranol
  2. Progesterone - Melengestrol acetate
  3. Testosterone - trenbolone acetate
23
Q

Explain this graph

A
24
Q

Examples of anabolic steroids

A
  1. RALGRO
  2. SYNOVEX-S AND SYNOVEX-H
25
Q

What is Ralgro?

A
  • Estrogen-like compound produced by fusarium mold on corn
  • used to increase weight gain and feed conversion in cattle
26
Q

What is Synovex? differences between the 2 types

A
  • increase weight gain and feed efficiency
  • can be used additionally to improve weight gain in steers in confinement for slaughter, and reimplant in 70 days

SYNOVEX-S (estrogen and progestagen) AND SYNOVEX-H (estrogen and testosterone)

27
Q

What is MGA?

A

Melengesterol acetate growth-promoting agent that is fed to heifers during finishing period. It’s a synthetic progestogen that enhances endogenous estrogen production and growth
- found in feed and stops estrous

28
Q

Name 3 concerns with implants.

A
  1. Trade issues (e.g., EU ban)
  2. Consumer concerns
  3. Grade issues - aggressive implanting can reduce marbling and grade and increases dark cutters - especially in early stages
29
Q

What are ionophores? How does it work?

A

Antimicrobials with low importance in human medicine that improve feed efficiency by modifying rumen fermentation

Promote propionic acid formation, which is more energetically useful
- reduces methane
- not a long term fix though because microbes adapt to it eventually

30
Q

Examples of ionophores

A
  1. Lasalocid sodium
  2. Salinomycin sodium
  3. Monensin sodium
31
Q

What are beta-agonists?

A
  • New form of growth promotant in cattle and swine that is not a hormone or antimicrobials
  • Binds to beta receptor on the muscle and acts as adrenaline. Adrenaline diverts blood flow from the digestive organs towards the muscle during fight or flight responses
  • They redirect nutrients so that more growth occurs in muscle tissue than in internal organs
32
Q

Name two examples of beta-agonists

A
  1. Paylean (ractopamine) in swine
  2. Zilmax (ractopamine) or Optaflexx in cattle
33
Q

How do beta-agonists affect carcass traits?

A

Increase hot carcass weight, dressing percent (amount of harvestable material from carcass), and loin eye area
- Improved feed efficiency and increased average daily gain by changing nutrient partitioning towards protein accretion

34
Q

Antibiotic/Hormones in poultry

A
  1. No hormones
  2. Antibiotic growth promotors can be used sub therapeutically in broiler chickens only
  3. Has been reduced recently due to consumer demand for RWA (Raised Without Antibiotics)
    - Alternatives: pro/prebiotics, plant extracts, essential oils
35
Q

List two alternatives to antibiotics in poultry.

A

Probiotics/prebiotics and plant extracts/essential oils

36
Q

What is the mode of action of gut reactive agents in non-ruminants? (2)

A
  1. Reduce harmful microorganisms in the GIT which reduces disease, toxins, NH4
  2. alter intestinal wall structure/metabolism which can improve absorption
37
Q

What is the mode of action of gut reactive agents in ruminants? (1)

A
  1. Modify rumen microflora activity
38
Q

What is the effect of gut reactive agents on growth? Who has the highest/lowest gain and feed efficiency?

A

Increase gain and improve feed efficiency but no effects on carcass composition or meat quality

gain:
H: pigs, L: broiler/ruminants

Feed:
H: Ruminants, L: broilers

39
Q

List three ways growth promotants reduce the cost of meat production/improve end product

A
  1. Better feed utilization
  2. faster growth rate
  3. more muscle/less fat
40
Q

How do growth promotants reduce environmental impact? (4)

A
  1. Reduce nutrient excretion
  2. accelerate time to slaughter
  3. reduce feed needs
  4. lower land requirements
41
Q

What are some regulations for growth promotion in livestock production? (4)

A
  1. Veterinary drugs are regulated by the food and drug acts and regulations
  2. All veterinary drugs go through a health canada approval process before they are licensed for use
  3. Label and veterinary directions indicate proper administration doses, routes and withdrawal times
  4. Random samples of carcass tissues and organs are tested for residues from antimicrobials, growth promotants and other contaminants

Pre-Vet 3 (37 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions