15B. Waste

Question 1

What is found in section B of Manure Management Plant?

Answer 1

1. Animal Type and Subtype
2. AU produced by one livestock
3. Number of livestock of each subtype
4. AU for each livestock subtype

Question 2

What is found in section D of Manure Management Plant? (7)

Answer 2

1. Type of livestock
2. Total AU of this type
3. Volume of Manure to be laND APPLIED
4. Manure analysis
   - NH
   - P
   - % Dry Matter

Question 3

What is found in section E of Manure Management Plant?

Answer 3

1. Field ID
2. GPS Coordinates
3. Legal owners name and phone
4. Field Size
5. Soil Class and Subclass

Question 4

What are the 5 concerns with manure

Answer 4

1. Weed seeds: Select manure that will not introduce new seeds, Composted material.
2. Pathogens: Manure storage as a slurry, solid or compost significantly reduces pathogen numbers. Keep animals, and run-off from animal holding areas out of the water.
3. Volatilization: loss of nitrogen (N) through the conversion of ammonium to ammonia gas.
4. Leaching: the removal of dissolved nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) from the soil by vertical water movement.
5. Eutrophication: when increased mineral and organic levels cause algal growth in water, reducing dissolved oxygen levels.

Question 5

What is odor? What are the factors? (6)

Answer 5

1. Result of the decomposition of manure by microorganisms.
2. These factors determine the type of gases and end products that are produced and the rates of their production Different microbes involved and their activity depends on:
3. Temperature
4. Moisture content
5. Oxygen level (anaerobic = offensive oduor, ; aerobic =
   less offensive)
6. pH

Question 6

What are the areas with the most odor? (3)

Answer 6

1. The facilities where the animals are housed.
2. The area where the manure is stored.
3. The area where the manure is spread on the cropland.

Question 7

How can you minimize odor? (3)

Answer 7

1. Remove manure frequently (have shallow pits).
2. Solid/liquid separation.
3. Straw based systems (helps maintain aerobic conditions.)

Question 8

Where there are livestock there will be ___? With an example

Answer 8

1. Deadstock
2. 10,000 feeder hog operation can require the disposal of 300 hogs per year

Question 9

Where can mortalities be kept? (2)

Answer 9

1. In a secure storage room, covered container or secure location
2. Continually frozen or refrigerated if not disposed of within 48 hours after death

Question 10

Deadstock disposal types and how is it regulated? (5)

Answer 10

1. Rendering
2. Burial
3. Incineration
4. Composting
5. Regulated under Section 15 of the Livestock Manure and Mortalities Management Regulation under the Environment Act

Question 11

Explain rendering (3)

Answer 11

1. Rendered for stock feed or for other non-edible product
2. High temperature process whereby materials such as deadstock are sterilized and converted to useful products such as plastics/meat or bone meal
3. Advent of BSE ended the rendering or ruminant animals

Question 12

Advantages vs disadvantages of rendering (6)

Answer 12

Advantages
1. Creates useful by-products
2. Prompt transport will have dead animals removed from farm.

Disadvantages
3. Few rendering plants and may charge fees.
4. May not accept carcass if it does not remain intact.
5. “dead” boxes – attract scavengers, flies – odour.
6. Vehicles and personnel picking up dead animals may compromise biosecurity.

Question 13

Explain burials and advantages/disadvantages (9)

Answer 13

1. Farms with over 300 animal units must receive prior approval for burial from Manitoba Conservation.

Advantages
1. Removes dead stock from public view.
2. Prevents odor, flies and scavengers.
3. Reduced biosecurity risk – no pick up.

Disadvantages
1. Poor or delayed coverage – odor, flies and scavengers.
2. Hard to dig in winter.
3. Need to site to prevent pollution.
4. Burial pits can collect rainwater.
5. Decomposition can be slow depending on soil conditions.

Question 14

Explain burial sites (10)

Answer 14

1. Away from traffic and public view.
2. Accessible to the delivery vehicle.
3. Least 100M from surface watercourse, sinkhole, spring or well.
4. At least one meter above water table.
5. Clay soils – prevent leaching.
6. Sized to hold all mortalities and not to allow spillage when filling.
7. Lime should be added to control odor
8. Cover with a minimum of 1 meter of material.
9. Cover material should be mounded – direct runoff away.
10. Inspect regularly - to ensure they stay buried

Question 15

Explain composting (7)

Answer 15

1. Controlled process of aerobic decomposition.
   - Microbes convert organic material into stable humus like material.
2. To provide an optimal environment for the microbes to function:
   - Add carbon –you need a good C:N ratio (25:1-30:1)
   - Adequate moisture (50-60%)
   - Temperature (54-60C)
   - pH 5.5-9 (best is 7)

Question 16

What are advantages/disadvantages of composting?

Answer 16

Advantages
1. Minimal odor, fly and scavenger problems
2. Low potential for pollution and generates a useful product
3. Considered biosecure (because vehicles don’t have to come)
4. Bulking agents (carbon) typically available on farm
5. Year-round management of mortality

Disadvantages
5. Need carbon-rich bulking material
6. Start up costs - minimal operating costs but still more expensive than other methods
7. Poor management – flies, scavengers and odor
8. For ruminants, need SRM permit to move off farm.

Question 17

Static vs windrow composting

Answer 17

Question 18

Site selection for composting (7)

Answer 18

1. Located at least 100 m from:
   - Surface watercourse, sinkhole, spring or well
   - Property boundaries
2. No pollution of surface water, ground water or soil
3. Liner - clay/asphalt/concrete - prevent leaching
4. Well drained not subject to run-off, ponding
5. Wind (smell), aesthetics, expansion (maximum mortality)

Question 19

Explain incineration and its advantages/disadvantages (5)

Answer 19

1. NOT open-air burning
   - Burning in a specially designed container registered and approved by the Incinerators Regulation under the Environment Act.

Advantages
2. Get dead stock out of view or to control highly contagious disease.
3. Reduced to ash and are biosecure

Disadvantages:
4. Incinerators are expensive.
5. Fuel (propane/natural gas) to run them is expensive (5-10 liters/hour).