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Pre-Vet 3 > 3. Lactation > Flashcards

3. Lactation Flashcards

1
Q

What is lactation?

A

The period of milk secretion

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2
Q

What is parturition?

A

Weaning or dry off

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3
Q

What are the functions of lactation?

A
  • Nutrition to offspring
  • Source of passive immunity
  • Human consumption
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4
Q

What is the mammary gland structure

A
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5
Q

How is the udder separated?

A

Horizontally and laterally by suspensory ligaments

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6
Q

Where is milk produced and its pathway

A
  • Its produced in the alveoli in the lobules
  • Lobules to secondary duct to primary duct
  • From the primary duct it flows to the gland and teat cisterns where it’s held before it’s released to the outside through the streak canal at the bottom of the teat
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7
Q

What is the anatomy of a pig mammary gland? (3)

A
  • 80% mammary parenchyma (milk producing) and 20% stromal cells (supportive cells)
  • Very limited milk storage capacity so it has to be emptied by the piglets every 50-70 minutes
  • Frequent nursing is necessary for continual milk production
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8
Q

Is milk composition the same for all animals?

A

NO!
- Big differences in fat content
- Lactose is similar though

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9
Q

Which species have the most/least average yield per day?

A

Most: Dairy cows or mares
Least: Ewe

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10
Q

Which species have the most/least water content?

A

M: mare
L: Ewe

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11
Q

Which species have the most/least dry matter?

A

M: Ewe
L: Mare

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12
Q

Which species have the most/least protein?

A

m: Sow
L: Mare

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13
Q

Which species have the most/least lactose?

A

M: mare
L: ewe

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14
Q

Which species have the most/least ash?

A

M: Ewe
L: Mare

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15
Q

Which species have the most/least fat?

A

M: ewe
L: mare

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16
Q

Sources of milk in cows

A
17
Q

Sources of milk in sows

A
18
Q

What is colostrum? (5)

A
  • First milk
  • High in protein, fat, minerals and vitamin A
  • Source of nourishment and passive immunity
  • Can be frozen
  • Ideal for it to be from your own herd
19
Q

How does colostrum provide immunity? What is the process

A
  • Since the fetus is grown in a sterile environment, it doesn’t have protection against infectious diseases in its new environment.
  • But the mother has is constantly exposed to pathogens and produces antibodies against diseases
  • Prior to birth, it produces colostrums which contains immunoglobulins
  • The newborn must consume it immediately because thats when absorption is most efficient
20
Q

Why does colostrum have to be consumed ASAP?

A

the more time that passes, the gut becomes less porous to absorption of intact immunoglobulins

21
Q

What does passive immunity of a newborn depend on?

A

Adequate supply of antibodies in the colostrum
1. AMOUNT of colostrum produced
2. CONCENTRATION of immunoglobulins
3. TIME of consumption

22
Q

Colostrum has more nutrients in all aspects compared to milk except for?

A

Lactose!

23
Q
A
24
Q
A

283 gestation days - 60 days dry period = 223 days after breeding you will dry her off

305 days of lactation - 223 dried off days - 82 days

25
Q
A
26
Q

What is this saying

A

Initially, it produces enough milk for the babies but after 3 weeks it is not

27
Q

What is this photo saying

A

Greater milk yield with more babies

28
Q

What are the factors that affect persistency of production? (4)

A
  1. Length of dry period
  2. Age of cow at calving
  3. Environmental temperature
  4. Frequency and completeness of milking
29
Q

How does length of dry period affect persistency of production?

A
  • Theres an increase in milk yield from dry periods of around 60 days
  • If > 60 days, mammary tissue changes so next lactation is less productive
  • If < 60 days, cow does not recover enough before next lactation
30
Q

How does age affect persistency of production?

A
  • 2 year olds produce 75% of milk of mature cows
  • 3 year olds produce 85% of milk of mature cows
  • Most breeds produce maturity at 6 years
  • Reduction around 8-9 years
  • Young cows produce less milk in a lactation but persistency is higher
31
Q

How does body temperature affect persistency of production?

A
  • As temp increases, the animals respiration rate increases to cool down causing a reduce in feed intake so less milk production
32
Q

How does frequency and completeness of milking affect persistency of production?

A

Normal: twice daily
Decreases: once daily
Increases: 3 times daily

33
Q

What is milk composition? (4)

A
  1. Fat
  2. Protein
  3. Mineral
  4. Vitamin
34
Q

What diet factors affect milk fat composition? (3)

A
  1. Forage: Animals need to digest forage to produce acetic acid, a precursor for milk fat.
  2. Particle Size: Large particles encourage regurgitation and saliva production, supporting digestion. If particles are too small, the animal may go off feed.
  3. By-pass Fats: Fats treated to bypass the rumen allow for more unsaturated fats in milk.
35
Q

What affects protein concentration in milk?

A

Adequate dietary protein is necessary. Bypass proteins help improve protein nutrition, influencing milk protein levels.

36
Q

What affects mineral concentration in milk?

A

The mineral content of the animal’s diet directly impacts the mineral concentration in milk.

37
Q

What affects vitamin concentration in milk?

A

Fat-soluble vitamins: Diet directly influences their levels in milk.
B-vitamins: Generally not needed in the diet, as microbes in the digestive tract produce them.

38
Q

What are some lactation related disorders?

A
  1. Milk fever: metabolic disorder associated with calcium
  2. Ketosis: metabolic disorder associated with negative energy balance
  3. Grass tetany: metabolic disorder associated with magnesium
  4. Sub acute ruminal acidosis: metabolic disorder associated with starch
39
Q
A

Pre-Vet 3 (37 decks)

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