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Pre-Vet 3 > 2D. Reproduction > Flashcards

2D. Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the factors that affect breeding quality?

A
  1. Age
  2. Nutrition
  3. Environmental Temp
  4. Disease
  5. Frequency of use
  6. Structural soundness
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2
Q

Explain how age affects breeding quality

A
  • Increase in number of sperm after puberty
  • Decrease in number of sperm after 5 years
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3
Q

Explain how nutrition affects breeding quality (4)

A
  • Undernutrition can delay puberty and decrease spermatozoa output
  • Energy and protein balance is important
  • Overweight males lack libido and can’t mount as well as has a high fat deposition in scrotum that affects temperature of sperm
  • Mineral and vitamin deficiency can affect sperm production and quality
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4
Q

Explain how temperature affects breeding quality (3)

A
  • High temps = loss of fertility
  • decreased concentration and motility
  • 15 day lag and restoration in 60 days
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5
Q

Explain how disease affects breeding quality (1)

A
  • Fever increases temperature
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6
Q

Explain how frequency of use affects breeding quality (3)

A
  • Temporary loss of fertility because of decrease in sperm concentration and increase abnormalities
  • Animal is exhausted
  • Loss of libido
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7
Q

Explain how structural soundness affects breeding quality (3)

A
  • Needs to be functional to breed
  • normal legs to be able to mount
  • Abnormalities of reproductive organs = infertile
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8
Q

What are some common penile problems?

A
  1. spiral deviation
  2. persistent frenulum
  3. penile hair rings
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9
Q

What is the breeding soundness evaluation?

A
  1. Physical exam (penis, scrotum, legs)
  2. Scrotal circumference (larger scrotum = more sperm)
  3. Semen evaluation (concentration, abnormalities, motility, morphology)
  4. Libido
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10
Q

What are the 3 types of breeding methods?

A
  1. AI
  2. Natural service
  3. Embryo transfer
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11
Q

What are the 2 types of AI?

A
  • Fresh
  • Frozen
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12
Q

What is natural service?

A
  • Males and females in a breeding group
  • Must have a good ratio to mate in a timely manner
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13
Q

What is embryo transfer?

A
  • Breed donor animal with semen from a desired sire
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14
Q

What is AI and what are the benefits?

A
  • When sperm is placed in the female by artificial means
  • It allows for favourable genetics to be passed onto many offspring - important in livestock breeding
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15
Q

What is fixed-time AI?

A

Breeding a large group of females in a single day
- Improves genetic merit and consistency of offspring crop

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16
Q

How does pregnancy rates relate between AI and natural service?

A
  • It is similar but insemination must be done at the correct time
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17
Q

What are some precautions during AI to maintain semen quality? (4)

A
  1. Cold shock - prevented by giving adequate protection for the collection funnel and tube
  2. The tunnel must be protected from sunlight
  3. Semen cannot be contaminated by urine, water or lubricating jelly
  4. Microbial contamination must be minimized by using different sterile artificial vagina for each ejaculate
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18
Q

Why is heat detection important?

A

To inseminate at the appropriate time for it to result in pregnancy and so nothing is wasted

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19
Q

What are some techniques for estrus detection

A
  1. Animal behaviour
  2. Breeding indicators - pressure from the chest of a mounting animal to activate them
  3. Mount detectors - tail paint
  4. Pedometers - counts their steps to see if theres an increase in activity
  5. Electric mount detectors
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20
Q

What are the limitations of AI (4)

A
  • If you use a sire many times and it has issues, then you’ve just passed it onto many offspring
  • Estrus detection is labour intensive
  • Inability to get good conception rates with frozen boar, ram and stallion
  • Lack of technical service in some areas
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21
Q

What is estrus synchronization

A

Manipulating the females estrous cycle so they can be bred around the same time

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22
Q

What are the benefits of estrus sychronization? (3)

A
  1. Shortening the calving allows females to conceive earlier in the breeding season
  2. Improves efficiency of AI and embryo transfer to reduce time and labor detecting estrus
  3. Producing a more uniform offspring crop more similar in age
23
Q

How do you keep animals OUT of heat?

A

PROGESTINS
- MGA and CIDR

24
Q

How do you bring animals IN heat?

A

PROSTAGLANDINS

25
Q

How do you get animals to ovulate and develop new follicles?

A

gNrh

26
Q

How many estrus sychronization systems to farmers usually use?

A

2-3

27
Q

What is the process of superovulation and embryo transfer? (3)

A
  • Increasing the number of follicles that mature at the same time through the use of hormones
  • Inseminate at the right time after doing heat detection
  • Flush the embryo and implant into the donor animals at the same physiological stage
28
Q

What are some benefits of superovulation/embryo transfer? (2)

A
  1. Rapid detection of bulls with genetic defects
  2. More offspring from superior animals
29
Q

Which animal has the longest/shortest gestation length?

A

s: sheep
L: horse

30
Q

What are the events of gestation?

A
  1. Implantation: attaches to uterine wall
  2. Development of placenta: union of fetal and maternal membranes
31
Q

What is the amnion? (4)

A
  • It surrounds the fetus
  • It contains fluids which suspend the embryo and protects the fetus and allows for free growth
  • During differentiation fluid in amnion makes it turgid
  • As it grows, it becomes less turgid but still continues to bathe and suspend the fetus
32
Q

What is the allantois?

A
  • Connects the embryonic bladder
  • Contains fluids which are high in waste products
33
Q

What is the chorion?

A
  • Allantois + chorion = chorioallantois
  • Chorion is covered with microscopic folds connecting with the wall of uterus
  • Forms a diffuse placenta for the exchange of nutrients and waste between mother and fetal blood.
34
Q

What is a cotyledonary placental attachment?

A

Chorionic villi penetrating into caruncles
- Instead of having a single large area of contact between maternal and fetal vascular systems, these animals have numerous smaller placentae

35
Q

Cotyledon vs caruncle vs placentome

A

Cotyledon: fetal side of placenta
Caruncle: maternal side of placenta
Placntome: cotyledon and caruncle together

36
Q

What is a diffuse placenta?

A

SOWS AND MARES
- Lie in folds scattered over almost the entire surfface of the chorion
- Many chorionic villi over entire surface of chorion
- Penetrate into endometrium
- Site for material exchange

37
Q

What is zonary placental attachment?

A

DOGS AND CATS
- Chorionic villi in an equatorial
-Placenta is wrapped around like a band surrounding the fetus

38
Q

What are some challenges for early pregnancy success? (4)

A
  1. Nutrition
  2. Disease
  3. Environment
  4. Genetics
39
Q

How does nutrition play a challenge for early pregnancy success?

A
  • Following parturition, the nutrient demands of the female increase dramatically as peak lactation yield is approached.
  • In dairy cows, demand exceeds dietary intake = negative energy balance
40
Q

How does disease play a challenge for early pregnancy success?

A
  • Mastitis, retained placenta, metritis or uterine infection, milk fever, displaced abomasum, clinical lameness
41
Q

How does environment play a challenge for early pregnancy success?

A

Heat stress = before/after breeding = embryo loss

42
Q

How does genetics play a challenge for early pregnancy success?

A

chromosomal abnormalities, inbreeding, individual genes

43
Q

What are the stages of parturition?

A
  1. Dilation of cervix
  2. Expulsion of fetus
  3. Expulsion of fetal membrane
44
Q

Explain the first stage of parturition

A

DILATION OF THE CERVIX
- Initial dilation of the cervix is caused by relaxin as it synergies with rising of levels of estrogen
- Permits the fetus to pass

45
Q

Explain the second stage of parturition

A

EXPULSION OF FETUS
- complete dilation as fetus is forced into the cervix
- low progesterone levels and high estrogen levels = myometrium is responsive to oxytocin
- Myometrium contractions get stronger until expulsion of fetus

46
Q

Explain the third stage of parturition

A

EXPULSION OF FETAL MEMBRANES
- Continuous contractions leads to eventual expulsion of the placenta, fluids and fragments of placental tissues
- Second surge of oxytocin = expulsion of fetus

47
Q
A
48
Q

What is relaxin?

A

softens cervix, relax pelvic ligaments and cause mucous secretions

49
Q

What is dystocia?

A

Difficult or abnormal birth
- Can occur in all species but most dont
- Must monitor to ensure delivery occurs within a reasonable time
- If manipulation of the fetus is not possible, C-section must be done

50
Q

What are the causes of dystocia? (4)

A
  1. Malpresentation of fetus
  2. Over conditioned dams
  3. Poor sire selection
  4. Structural abnormality of birth canal/skeleton
51
Q

What will happen if a retained placenta is not expelled within 24 hours

A

It will be retained for 5-6 days and is a good spot for bacterial growth and causes infection

52
Q

What should you do if you have a retained placenta?

A
  1. Leave it until it’s expelled without assistance
  2. Antibiotic treatment
  3. Oxytocin injection
53
Q

What inhibits progesterone release and stimulate contraction of uterus

A

Increased estrogen, prostaglandin and oxytocin

Pre-Vet 3 (37 decks)

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