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Pre-Vet 3 > 5B. Digestion > Flashcards

5B. Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

What are some examples of productive states animals attain?

A

Puberty, pregnancy, birth, producing milk or eggs, slaughter weight

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2
Q

Why is feeding animals fundamental to livestock production?

A

To supply enough feed to satisfy the animals’ body functions
- They have to be healthy to function efficiently and they must grow to meet target body weights and attain certain productive states at predictable ages

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3
Q

What are the body functions feed must satisfy?

A

Maintenance, growth, fattening, reproduction, lactation, egg laying, wool production, work/sport

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4
Q

What two factors must be matched in a successful feeding system? What are the match nutrients?

A
  1. Supply (feed ingredients)
  2. Demand (livestock needs)

Match nutrient: quantity and quality in a timely fashion

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5
Q

Why don’t we want to overfeed?

A
  1. Expensive
  2. Too much protein causes more fecal matter and ammonia is released, waste of feed
  3. Causes metabolic disorders
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6
Q

What is voluntary intake? What is another term for it?

A
  • The amount of feed consumed by an animal when access to feed is unrestricted
  • aka ad libitum intake
  • You want to 10% left in the bunker/feeder the next day
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7
Q

What is restricted intake? Compensatory growth?

A

The amount of feed consumed by an animal when access to feed is restricted

Put the animal in a restricted plane of nutrition and then take it away and there is a sudden growth spurt

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8
Q

What is the efficiency ratio? Whats the most common type

A

Relationship between inputs and outputs of a system
- The lower the number, the better
- Feed conversion ratio is the most common in animal agriculture

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9
Q

What is the feed conversion ratio?

A

The ratio of feed consumed to product produced (e.g., meat, milk, wool, eggs)

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10
Q

What is the average feed conversion ratio for beef cattle? Poultry? Swine?

A

6:1 (6 lbs of feed for 1 lb of live weight gain)
P: 2:1
S: 3:5:1

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11
Q

What are some reasons for improvement in livestock efficiencies? (5)

A
  1. Genetics - identify animals that have feed efficiency and need to measure what they are eating, this is hard to do on pasteurized animals. for ex) beef cattle you need to measure for 70 days
  2. nutrition - different types of digestive systems need different nutrients
  3. housing - ex) cow has a tag on ear, gets scanned by feeder and gives it the right amount of food, temperature, drafts, using energy to stay warm, less energy is being used for production
  4. health - poor health, poor weight gain
  5. innovation - research helps with feed efficiency cause it helps us learn more
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12
Q

What are nutrient requirements for body maintenance?

A

Nutrients needed to keep the body functioning in a state of well-being, with no net change in live weight or production
- maintaining status quo

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13
Q

What are some high-priority maintenance requirements?

A

Body tissue repair, control of body temperature, supplying energy to vital organs functioning

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14
Q

What percentage of feed goes towards maintenance in livestock and poultry?

A

Up to about half

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15
Q

What percentage of feed may go towards maintenance in feedlot cattle on full feed?

A

30-40%

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16
Q

What percentage of feed may go towards maintenance in mature, non-lactating animals?

A

90%

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17
Q

What percentage of feed may go towards maintenance in high-producing dairy cows?

A

20-25%

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18
Q

Which body functions take priority for nutrients?

A

Maintenance needs are met before any other body functions

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19
Q

What are some factors that affect maintenance requirements?

A

Health status and environmental conditions

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20
Q

How does health status affect maintenance requirements?

A

Nutrients contribute to tissue repair and immune system function; disease increases maintenance requirements
- parasites (internal and external)

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21
Q

How do environmental conditions affect maintenance requirements?

A

Nutrients contribute to thermoregulation; extreme cold increases feed requirements due to increased maintenance functions

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22
Q

Explain how extreme cold relates to cattle

A

It they’re within the thermal neutral zone, minimal energy expenditure to maintain normal metabolic and physiological processes
- Ability of animals to cope with the cold improves during exposure to mildly cold conditions - slow decrease in temp, not all at once
- Below -15 degrees with prolonged exposure = increase rate of heat production
- Increased feed requirement due to increased maintenance functions

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23
Q

What are some implications of extreme cold on cattle?

A

Depressed dry matter digestibility from increased rate of passage, affected utilization of feed nitrogen and phosphorus, decreased retention of phosphorus

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24
Q

What are some ways to protect cattle from thecold?

A

Corn grazing - has shelter and feed but acidosis is a challenge
Wind shelter - has shelter but not eating

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25
Q

What are nutrient requirements for productive purposes?

A

Nutrient requirements beyond maintenance, for functions like growth, fattening, reproduction, lactation, egg laying, or work

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26
Q

What influences an animal’s growth or ability to work?

A

The amount of nutrients supplied in the diet above maintenance requirements

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27
Q

What factors influence nutrient requirements for growth?

A

Target growth rate, stage of maturity, balance of energy and protein

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28
Q

How does target growth rate influence nutrient requirements

A

Faster growing animals need higher inclusion levels of proteins and larger quantities of all nutrients in general

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29
Q

Why cant chickens be fed too much too fast?

A

Their skeleton doesnt grow as fast as their weight does so it can’t support their weight

30
Q

How does stage of maturity affect nutrient utilization efficiency?

A

As an animal approaches mature weight, efficiency of nutrient utilization decreases because they don’t need them

31
Q

What is fattening?

A

The storing of surplus feed energy as fat within and around body tissues

32
Q

Why is fattening desirable?

A

It gives meat its palatability characteristics , provides energy reserves for postpartum reproductive performance, and provides energy reserves for early lactation in dairy cows (with caution to avoid excessive fat)

33
Q

Which is more costly: gain for growth or gain for fattening?

A

Gain for fattening is more costly because requires more energy, less efficient feed conversion, and more expensive feed.

34
Q

How much more energy does it take to produce fat compared to protein?

A

2.25 times as much energy to produce 1 kg of fat as 1 kg of protein (above maintenance)

35
Q

What is an important tool for assessing fattening?

A

Body condition scoring

36
Q

What causes fattening?

A

Excessive energy from carbohydrates or fats above maintenance and growth requirements

37
Q

What characterizes the finishing phase for fattening animals?

A

High-energy (grain-based) diets

38
Q

What should be considered with fattening diets?

A

Potential metabolic disorders

39
Q

When does nutrition’s role in reproduction begin?

A

Early in an animal’s life, affecting age at puberty

40
Q

What is the usual limiting nutrient for reproduction?

A

Energy

41
Q

What does the level of energy and body condition before parturition influence?

A

When a female returns to estrus
- more energy before = more energy for recovery, production of milk

42
Q

What does the level of energy after parturition influence?

A

Subsequent conception

43
Q

What are the two main categories of nutrient requirements for reproduction?

A

Embryo production and fetal growth in the uterus

44
Q

What are the general nutrient requirements for embryo production?

A

Requirements to keep animals healthy and normal are generally sufficient for germ cell production
- phosphorus deficiency can lead to irregular cycles
- Animals that are losing weight or overly fat may be low in fertility

45
Q

What is the recommended body condition for breeding females?

A

Low-moderate, increasing at breeding

46
Q

What are the general nutrient requirements for fetal growth?

A
  • its greatest during the last trimester
  • In early pregnancy, healthy females can withdraw nutrients from their bodies to support the growing fetus
47
Q

What are the nutrient demands for lactation highest for?

A

Dairy cows and goats

48
Q

What nutrients are required for milk production?

A

Considerable protein, minerals, vitamins, and energy

49
Q

What does the nutrient requirement for milk production depend on?

A

The level of production

50
Q

What is the challenge for lactating animals in terms of feed intake?

A

Their appetite is low when milk production is highest - she makes up the difference by mobilizing fat reserves

51
Q

What should be considered when planning nutrition for lactating animals?

A

Their body condition and ability to mobilize body reserves

52
Q

What deficiencies are dairy cows particularly sensitive to?

A

Calcium and magnesium

53
Q

What is the typical roughage to concentrate ratio in a total mixed ration (TMR) for dairy cows?

A

60:40

54
Q

What nutrient needs do broiler chicks have?

A

Nutrients for rapid growth and feather development

55
Q

What characterizes the diet for broiler chicks during the starter period?

A

Relatively high levels of energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals - phase feeding (depending on the stage of growth theyre at)

56
Q

When are a chick’s energy requirements reduced?

A

Once they are fully feathered

57
Q

What is the focus of nutrient provision for broilers?

A

Growth

58
Q

What factor determines nutrient requirements for poultry?

A

The specific purpose of production (e.g., growth for broilers, eggs for laying hens)

59
Q

What characterizes the nutrient needs of laying hens compared to broilers?

A

Primary emphasis on egg production, less on growth; smaller body size, lower maintenance requirements

60
Q

How should feed be provided to laying hens?

A

Free-choice access to meet energy needs, with adequate levels of energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals

61
Q

Who has the most/least weight in laying chickens and in broiler chickens?

A

Laying:
M: laying
L: starter

Broiler:
M: finisher
L: starter

62
Q

Who has the most/least crude protein in laying chickens and in broiler chickens?

A

Laying:
M: starter/laying
L: grower

Broiler:
M: starter
L: finisher

63
Q

Who has the most/least calcium in laying chickens and in broiler chickens?

A

Laying:
M: laying
L: grower

Broiler: equal

64
Q

Who has the most/least available phosphorus in laying chickens and in broiler chickens?

A

equal in all

65
Q

What are the nutrient requirements for wool production in addition to?

A

Maintenance, growth, and reproduction

66
Q

What can affect wool production?

A

Poor quality feed (insufficient energy) and insufficient protein or specific amino acids

67
Q

How does shearing affect sheep’s energy requirements?

A

It removes natural insulation, potentially increasing energy needs for thermoregulation in cold weather

68
Q

What are the steps in measuring energy utilization?

A
69
Q

What is the goal of diet formulation?

A

Matching nutrient supply with nutrient requirements

70
Q

What are the steps in formulating diets?

A
  1. Defining the target animal
  2. establishing requirements (standard tables)
  3. selecting ingredients based on cost and nutrient levels
  4. formulating diets (least-cost formulation programs)
  5. working with professionals (nutritionist, feed company, advisor, extension agent)
  6. feed testing is important

Pre-Vet 3 (37 decks)

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