Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pre-Vet 3 > 7A. Growth and Development > Flashcards

7A. Growth and Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of growth in young animals? Whats the main goal?

A

An increase in height, length, girth, and weight that occurs in young animals given adequate feed and water.
- Most efficient way to convert feeds into live weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Growth due to an increase in cell numbers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Growth due to an increase in cell size.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When do we typically consider an animal to be growing? When do we know an animal is no longer growing?

A
  1. When protein accretion is occurring. - Protein accretion: continuing breakdown of proteins and recycling amino acids
  2. Once the protein has reached it’s critical mass and consider the animal mature and no longer growing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two types of tissue changes that occur in the body?

A

Catabolism (breaking down cells) and anabolism (building or rebuilding cells).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the definition of development in animals? (3) Examples (2)

A
  1. Change in the composition, structure, or ability of the animal.
    - Prepubescent to reproductive state
    - Pre-reuminant calf (before weaning) to fully functional rumen
  2. Directed towards a “mature state”
  3. Non-reversible
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Explain this graph

A
  • The production of animals for slaughter is mostly the straight part
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is allometric growth?

A

The study of relative growth, of changes in proportion with an increase in size.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why is the growth of animals considered ‘allometric’ rather than ‘isometric’?

A

Not all tissue types and not all tissues within a type grow at the same rate or time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the growth pattern of the brain and CNS.

A

Characterized by a period of rapid growth that precedes the growth of other tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the growth pattern of the skeleton.

A

Continuous remodeling throughout life with a balance between bone accretion (apposition) and breakdown. During skeletal growth, bone apposition exceeds resorption which increases bone mass. In adulthood, the rate of apposition tends to equal resorption.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the main constituents of bone?

A

Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and organic protein matrix.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe allometric growth in muscles (3)

A
  • Development begins embryogenesis
  • Muscle accretion occurs rapidly early in life
  • Since muscle consists mostly of protein, factors that affect protein synthesis and degradation will influence muscle growth - because it happens so early, we need high amounts of protein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe allometric growth in fat

A
  • The main storage of stored energy in animals. Dietary fat and carbohydrates are stored in fat depots.
  • Accretion of fat is delayed until the animal reaches maturity
  • Taste, texture, thermoregulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Explain muscle and fat and allometric growth

A

Since muscle = proteins, fat = energy - must have the protein energy balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do you compare the relative growth of two components using allometry?

A

Plot them logarithmically on X and Y axes. The slope of the resulting regression is called the allometric growth ratio, often designated as k.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does it mean if the allometric growth coefficient (k) is equal to 1? k<1? k>1?

A
  1. Both components are growing at the same rate. - isometric
  2. The component represented on the Y-axis is growing more slowly than the component on the X-axis. - allometric
  3. The component on the Y-axis is growing faster than the X-axis component. - allometric
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

CNS and brain, skeleton, muscle, fats on this graph and explain

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is brown fat?

A

Fat found in babies important for thermoregulation

20
Q

What does it mean on the graph when the numbers are overlapping?

A
  • For atleast part of the lifespan, all these tissues are undergoing growth - ex) skeleton provides framework for development of muscles
21
Q

fat, brain & nervous tissue, muscle, bone

A
22
Q

thorax, head, loin, neck

A
23
Q

metacarpal, scapula, ulna-radius, humerus

A
24
Q

subcue, intramuscular fats, intermuscular, Kidney

A
25
Q
A
26
Q

Who has the highest/lowest % of time in utero? Day of conception to birth? Day of conception to market?

A

%
H: Lamb
L: Beef

Birth:
H: Beef
L: Pork

Market:
H: Beef
L: Lamb

27
Q

Who has the highest/lowest % of market weight at birth?

A

H: Lamb
L: Pork

28
Q

Describe pre-natal growth (3)

A
  1. Prenatal environment is not as much under our control as later development - mother compensates for what were lacking
  2. Malnutrition or other stress on dam can effect development of embryo and growth of fetus
  3. Can be epigenetic alterations of the genome of the developing fetus which can affect future generations
29
Q

What is pre-weaning growth? Post-weaning growth?

A

Growth from birth to weaning, dependent on the quantity and quality of milk produced by the dam.
Growth after weaning, influenced by pre-weaning growth rate, gender, genetics, nutrition, and environment.

30
Q

Growth in terms of 3 primary tissues that make up a carcass

A

top line - maximize muscle
middle - optimize amount of fat
bottom - minimize bone

31
Q

What percentage of live weight does the carcass represent in cattle? How about pigs and why?

A

60%.

80% in pigs because monogastrics don’t have a large digestive system

32
Q

What are the four major roles of bone?

A
  1. Protection of organs and systems,
  2. framework for muscle attachment,
  3. manufacturing white blood cells and labile stores of Ca and P
  4. providing structure and shape to the body.
33
Q

What structures are formed during fetal life that later become ossified to form bone?

A

Cartilaginous structures.

34
Q

What is the timing of ossification?

A
  • Varies slightly based on the bone and the species but you can age a fetus within a few days by examining the presence of minerals
35
Q
A
36
Q

How is maturity judged in beef carcasses? sheep carcasses?

A

By the degree of ossification of vertebrae in the loin region.

By the ‘break joint’. If the leg breaks at the true joint, it’s considered mature. If it breaks at the growth plate, it’s considered immature.

37
Q

What does it mean if a sheep carcass has 2 Break Joints? 2 Spool Joints? 1 Break & 1 Spool Joint?

A

2 Break Joints = Lamb, 2 Spool Joints = Mutton, 1 Break & 1 Spool = yearling mutton.

38
Q

What are the primary chemical components of bone? What do nutrient requirements reflect?

A

Calcium (26.7%) and phosphorus as PO4 (12.5%).
- Reflects the tissue growing - the younger they are, the more nutrients they need

39
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

A tough membrane that covers the bones throughout the body, except at the points of articulation and connection of ligaments/tendons.

40
Q

Why do nutrient requirements for calcium change as a heifer grows? Which weight has the least/most feed, least/most %Ca, least/most weight gain?

A

The amount of feed consumed increases as the animal becomes larger. Early in life, a greater percentage of each kg gained and maintained is bone.

Weight gain:
H: 450
L: 100-300

Feed
H: 450
L: 100

%Ca
H: 100
L: 450

41
Q

What are the six functions of skeletal muscle?

A
  1. Skeletal movement/locomotion
  2. maintain posture and body position
  3. support soft tissues
  4. guard entrances and exits
  5. maintain body temperature
  6. store nutrient reserves.
42
Q

Why do protein requirements change as a heifer grows? Which weight has the highest/lowest protein %?

A

The amount of feed consumed increases as the size of the animal increases. Early in life, a greater percentage of gained and maintained is muscle.

H: 100
L: 450

43
Q

What is the function of fat tissues?

A
  1. Main site of stored energy in animals (white
    fat). Adipose contains 2.25 times the energy as protein.
  2. Thermoregulation in newborn (brown fat)
  3. Specialized form of connective tissue (mechanical protection)
  4. Insulation (subcutaneous)
44
Q

What happens to nutrient partitioning when an animal is on a very low plane of nutrition?

A

Nutrients are not sufficient to meet requirements for growth of bone, muscle and fat, so vital organs’ nutrient requirements will have first claim.

45
Q

What happens to nutrient partitioning when an animal is on a low to moderate plane of nutrition?

A

Nutrition is sufficient to provide for slow growth – muscle and bone receive nutrients required for their growth but there is no overflow of nutrients to allow substantial increase in fat. It is possible that muscle growth is not at maximum rate.

46
Q

What happens to nutrient partitioning when an animal is on a high plane of nutrition?

A
  • Ad libitum feeding of high-quality rations - surplus energy supplied in the diet goes towards fat deposition
  • If fat depots are relatively full, they can be depleted:
  • Ex) dairy cows and early lactation: nutrient intake is not sufficient to meet the energy requirements for high milk yield.

Pre-Vet 3 (37 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions