7.4 Pathology of Lung Cancer Flashcards
What is the most avoidable cause of death?
Tobacco
What does the relationship of disease in lung cancer depend on?
Amount of daily smoking
Tendency to inhale
Duration of smoking
Age of initiation
Smoking for 6 years
1 pk day = 22x risk of dying
2 pl = 45 x risk of dying
What are the smoking related changes in the lungs?
Inflammation around the bronchi and bronchioles
Enlarged air spaced next to normal appearing lung
Bullae formation - air spaces >1cm
Carbon pigment in lung
Fibrosis and scarring
Usually more severe in the upper lobes
Lung carcinoma
What are the risk of emphysema?
Smoking, A1 AT deficiency
What are the types of emphysema?
Centriacinar
Panacinar
Paraseptal
What are the consequences of emphysema?
Dyspnoea
Cor pulmonale (change in right ventricle from pulmonary hypertension)
CCF (congestive cardiac failure)
How can emphysema cause death?
Coronary heart disease
Respiratory failure
Right sided heart failure
Pneumothorax
What are the smokeless related cancers
Oesophagus, mouth, throat and pancreas
What does second hand smoke cause in children?
SIDS Ear infections, colds Pneumonia Bronchitis Severe asthma
What are the complications of smoking in pregnancy?
Premature birth Low birth weight Still birth Abruption Ectopic pregnancy Preterm delivery PROM IUGR Placenta praevia Infertility Poor response to IVF
What are the common presentations of lung cancer?
Cough Weight loss Dyspnoea Chest pain Haemoptysis Bone pain Hoarseness 15% asymptomatic
What are the investigations for lung cancer?
CXR, MRI, PET, FNA, bronchoscopy, sputum sample
What are the risk factors for lung cancer?
Smoking Asbestos Radon exposure Halogen ether exposure Chronic interstitial pneumonitis Inorganic arsenic Radioisotope, ionizing radiation
What causes lung cancer in non smokers
Passive smoking and workplace carcinogens
EGFR mutation and EML 4-ALK fusion
Decrease p53 mutations and KRAS mutations
What are the 4 cells types in the lungs?
ciliated, mucous, neuro-endocrine and basal
