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Building Construction Related To The Fire Service > 7 Wood Construction > Flashcards

7 Wood Construction Flashcards

1
Q

Disadvantages to wood as construction material

A

Never dimensionally true
Weather will change its dimension from uneven shrink or swell
Defects, knots, holes, insects, decay, damage, splits or warping.

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2
Q

Wood is stronger in what direction

A

Parallel to the grain than against it.

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3
Q

Allowable tensile strength of wood

A

700 psi

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4
Q

Allowable Compressive strength of wood parallel to grain

A

325-1700 psi

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5
Q

Most structural limber has a moisture content of

A

19 percent or less

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6
Q

Different types of wood products

A 
Solid lumber
Laminated wood members. 
Structural composite lumber 
Panels 
Manufactured components
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7
Q

Glulam

A

Short for glue laminated structural lumber

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8
Q

Solid lumber includes

A

boards, dimensional lumber, and timbers.

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9
Q

Lumber boards have a nominal thickness of

A

2” or less

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10
Q

Dimensional lumber has a nominal thickness of

A

2-4 inches or more

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11
Q

Timbers have a nominal thickness of

A

5 inches or more

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12
Q

Laminated beams can have individual lamination layers of what size

A

3/4 to 2”. Because dimensions can be made not available in solid pieces from logs

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13
Q

Laminated members can be produced in depths of

A

3-75 inches

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14
Q

Three types of joints for laminated members

A

Scarf
Butt
Finger

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15
Q

But Joint is easy to produce but cannot be used when

A

Tensile forces are to b transmitted along the length of beam

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16
Q

Scar and finger joints can be used to transmit what type of force

A

Tensile

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17
Q

Veneer

A

Surface of attractive material laid over base of common material

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18
Q

Structural composite lumber SCL is composed of what types

A

Laminated veneer lumber LVL
parallel strand lumber. PSL
Laminated strand lumber LSL

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19
Q

Levels are used in applications for I joists and beams of what’s size

A

1.75 to 3.5 inches thick

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20
Q

Parallel strand lumber is the strongest of the three types of SCL and can be used for

A

Heavily loaded columns and long spans.

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21
Q

Laminated strand lumber LSL is used for

A

Short span beams and columns

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22
Q

Wood panels include

A

Plywood
Nonveneered panels
Sandwich or composite panels

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23
Q

Plywood panels have the grain oriented in the direction of the longest section with grain oriented how for the internal layers

A

At right angles to each other

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24
Q

Plywood in produced in standard sheets measuring

A

4x8 feet

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25
Q

Composite panels or sandwich panels

A

Produces with parallel external face veneers bonded to a core of reconstituted fibers. Example is structural insulated panel

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26
Q

Particle board can be in sizes up to

A

8x40 ft

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27
Q

Wafer board is similar to particle board but uses larger pieces of wood, largely been replaced by

A

Osb

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28
Q

Span rating indicates intended structural application a rating of 32/16 indicates

A

Use for sheeting over rafters 32 inch apart and subflooring over joists 16 inches apart.

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29
Q

Lumber

A

Lengths of wood cut and prepared for use in construction

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30
Q

Gusset plates

A

Metal or wooden plates used to connect and strengthen the intersections of metal or wood truss components

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31
Q

Light frame trusses

A

Made of 2 inch nominal members that are all in the same plane. Popular for roof framing, belt together by metal toothed gussets or plywood nailed.

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32
Q

Heavy timber trusses

A

Made of members 8 or 10 inches. Common before the use of steel

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33
Q

Split rings

A

Used when bolting or screwing timber or wood members to prevent force from bolt from being focused in one place.

34
Q

Wood I beams are frequently used for

A

Roof rafters or floor joists

35
Q

Ignition temp of wood is difficult to measure because of certain variables:

A 
Density
Size and form
Moisture content
Rate of heating
Nature of heat source
Air supply
36
Q

Pyrolysis

A

Pre ignition combustion phase of burning when heat energy is absorbed by fuel, giving off flammable tar, pitch, vapor and gas. Pyrolysis of wood releases combustible gas and leaves a char

37
Q

Heard combustion

A

Total amount of thermal energy (heat) that could be generated by the combustion reaction if a fuel were completely burned. Measured in btu per lb, or kilojoules per gram

38
Q

Pyrolysis of wood typically begins around what temp

A

Somewhere below apps 392 degrees

39
Q

Initial pyrolysis products are water and co2 that may be left inside The wood. Because they are non combustible products what would happen if ignition source was removed

A

Process would be reversible

40
Q

Surface to mass ratio

A

Ratio of surface to mass of fuel

41
Q

IBC allows fire retardant coating of wood for partition walls that are

A

Non load bearing with a required fire rating of 2 hours or less

42
Q

Fire retardant

A

And substance other than water that is designed to reduce flammability of fuels or slow their rate of combustibility by chemical or physical rxn

43
Q

Two main methods for fire retarding wood

A

Surface coating or pressure impregnation

44
Q

Pressure impregnation

A

Wood place in vacuum tube that pulls out air from wood and then is pressurized with fire retardant. Creating a permanent treatment under right conditions.

45
Q

Any of the following chemicals may be used in fire retardant chemicals

A 
Ammonium phosphate
Ammonium sulfate 
Boric acid
Zinc chloride
Sodium dichromate
Borax
46
Q

True or false fire retardant treatment of wood will not reduce its strength.

A

False it will reduce strength

47
Q

Thermoplastic composite lumber is

A

Wood like product produced from wood fiber and polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride (pvc) as an alternative to preservative treated lumber. Not intended for structural use, but rather outside decks and railings.

48
Q

Thermoplastic composite lumber is a combustible material with flame spread rating of

A

80, and will melt like plastic

49
Q

Because of the cost in engineering and labor, along with limitations in building strength, wood building typically do not exceed what height

A

Three stories.

50
Q

On heavy timber constructions what is the minimal beam and column size

A

Except roof beams, not less than 6x10

And columns are not less than 8x8

51
Q

Mortise

A

Notch hole or space cut into a piece of timber to receive the projection part, tenon, of another timber

52
Q

Tenon

A

Projecting member of a timber for insertion into a mortise Joint.

53
Q

In the design for timber connections, engineers must consider what factors

A

Specific gravity of wood
Wood shrinkage
Position of fasteners such as bolts relative to grain of wood
Relative size of wood members and fasteners.

54
Q

In relation to heavy timbers, how do Glulam beams behave under fire conditions.

A

The same as heavy timber beams, fire has no effect on the adhesives.

55
Q

Post and beam is lighter than heavy timber but heavier than light frame the size of the members are

A

4x4 or 6x6 posts

Usually spaced 4 to 12 feet apart

56
Q

Most popular type of framing is

A

Light wood frame construction

57
Q

Light framed lumber is sized

A

Between 2x4 to 2x8

58
Q

Light wood frame is composed how in regards to wall floor and roof members

A

Wall studs,
roof rafters or trusses,
floor joists, I beams or trusses

59
Q

Two basic types of light wood frame

A

Balloon and platform

60
Q

Balloon frame construction

A

Studs are continuous from foundation to roof possibly without fire stopping. Called so because they appeared fragile as a balloon compared to timber frame

61
Q

Floor joists in balloon framing are supported by

A

Ribbon boards recessed into vertical stud

62
Q

Vertical combustible space between studs in balloon frame provide a Chanel for

A

Rapid communication of fire from floor to floor

63
Q

Balloon frame has the advantage of minimizing effects of shrinkage because

A

Wood shrinking is greater in cross sectional dimension than in length

64
Q

Platform frame

A

Type of framing in which each floor is built as a separate platform and the studs a re not continuous beyond each floor. Also called western frame construction.

65
Q

Platform framing is easier to build than balloon however in regard to shrinkage

A

It is more susceptible to the effects and may cause mis alignment of finishes or trim

66
Q

Fire stop

A

Solid materials such as wood blocks used to prevent vertical spread of fire in hollow walls, floor or chases

67
Q

Approved materials for fire stopping

A 
2 inch nominal lumber 
Gypsum, 
Cement board
Batts or blankets of mineral wool
Glass fiber
68
Q

A few locations where fires stops are required

A

Within stud walls at floor and ceiling level
At interconnections between vertical stud walls and horizontal joist spaces
Between stair stringers
Behind soffits

69
Q

Building code requires draft stopping in attic spaces and is to be constructed in what manner

A

Areas sub divided into 3000 ft2 spaces and constructed of gypsum, cement fiber board, wood structural panels or 1 inch nominal lumber

70
Q

Draft stops

A

Dividers hung from the ceiling in large open areas to minimize effects of mushrooming, also called draft curtains or curtain boards

71
Q

Sheathing

A

Covering applied to building where siding is applied, first layer over rafters for roofing. May bay butted together or spaced about an inch apart. Also called decking or roof decking

72
Q

Building paper

A

Between sheathing and siding to act as moisture barrier.

73
Q

Because foam insulation is combustible and flame spreads fast building code imposes

A

Strict regulation on its use.

74
Q

To prevent fire spread with foam insulation what is done

A

Foam is applied without air space

75
Q

Cellulose fiber can be used as insulation and is treated how to reduce flammability

A

Treated with water soluble salts to reduce flammability, resulting in smoldering.

76
Q

Asbestos siding was commonly used during what time periods

A

1930-1970s

77
Q

Brick veneer must be tied to the facade of a building every

A

16 inch interval. Metal ties may corrode, doesn’t not add structural strength but does insulate and protect form exposure

78
Q

Wood frame Buildings that are not finished inside, such as garages, are classified

A

Type V-B

79
Q

When structural members of wood frame is sheathed with gypsum inside to achieve one hour rating it is classified as

A

Type V-A

80
Q

Structural member fire resistance for wood frame can be omitted when

A

Rafters are 20 ft above floor or sprinklers are installed

81
Q

When truss joists are used for floor construction, it is possible for fire to spread in four directions

A

Parallel and perpendicular to the joists

82
Q

Ignition resistant construction is different from fire resistive. It’s intention is to

A

Reduce vulnerability of structures with hazardous wildland urban interface, by use of fire resistive roof materials or siding, or 1 hour rated exterior walls

Building Construction Related To The Fire Service (15 decks)

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