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Building Construction Related To The Fire Service > 11 Roofs > Flashcards

11 Roofs Flashcards

1
Q

Roofs are water proof and can hinder ladder pipes. If it collapses into the structure it can

A

Cover fire preventing water from getting to it

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2
Q

Three styles of roof

A

Flat
Pitched
Curved

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3
Q

Low slope roof

A

3/12 pitch, slopes up 3 units for every 12 horizontal

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4
Q

Medium to high pitch

A

4/12 and 12/12,

12/12 is 45 degrees

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5
Q

Some bull dings have pitches greater than 18/12 which is too steep to

A

Work on from a roof ladder

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6
Q

Shed roof

A

Pitches with single sloping aspect, half gable

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7
Q

Gable roof

A

Two inclined surfaces that meet in the middle forming a ridge

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8
Q

Hip roof

A

Same as gable except the gable ends pitch in to meet the ridge line, slopes in fours directions

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9
Q

Gambrel

A

Style of gabled roof where each side slopes at two different angles, used on barns or similar.

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10
Q

Mansard

A

Similar to gambrel and hip. Slopes of two different angles, all sides slope down outside wall. Can have flat roof, modern mansard. Projects beyond wall creating void. Paris style roofs

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11
Q

Butterfly

A

V shaped roofs, like two shed roofs connected at lower edge. Inverted gable looking

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12
Q

Monitor roof

A

Similar to exaggerated lantern, raised section along ridge line providing natural light and ventilation. Large coupola in middle of ridge line. Once common on factories.

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13
Q

Clerestories

A

Vertical walls of coupola of monitor roof, normally operable windows.

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14
Q

Sawtooth roof

A

Common industrial. Used for light and ventilation. Alternating vertical walls with windows and sloping roofs. Windows should face north. Mostly eliminated from modern lighting systems.

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15
Q

Curved roofs

A

Form made from structural systems supporting them. Frequently arches and bowstring truss

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16
Q

Lamellas

A

Vary from 2x8”, 3x16”, and lengths from 8-14’ used to form arched roof

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17
Q

Lamella arch

A

Short lamellas bolted together diagonally using lamellas washers and curvature formed by inclining the ends. Common with gym, auditoriums, sports domes, exhibition halls.

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18
Q

Geodesic domes

A

Formed suing three dimensional triangles

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19
Q

Flat roofs are supported by

A

Joists, I beams, box beams, open web trusses. Of either wood steel, possibly concrete.

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20
Q

Inverted flat roof

A

Main joists at level of ceiling, framework constructed above them to support roof deck. Creates tall void space

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21
Q

Rafter(ed) roof, or rafters

A

Inclined joists used to support pitched roofs. Though trusses can be used

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22
Q

Trusses fail under fire load because

A

Of the reduced mass of their components and interdependence on them to support themselves. Open design allows 360 fire exposure. Plus void space for extension.

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23
Q

Fink truss,

A

pitched residential type truss

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24
Q

Monoplane truss

A

All Chords and diagonal members lie on the same plane.

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25
Lightweight wood truss are composed of
Gang nail gusset plates, individual wood members of 2x4 or 2x6, trusses spaced 2-4' on center.
26
Bowstring truss utilizes what for top chord
Curved. Often laminated, top chord.
27
Fink or Pratt style truss
Most common for pitched roofs, made in wood or steel.
28
Tie rod failure of arch
It rod connects between two ends of bottom of arch, failure will result in ends of arch pushing out and failing
29
Wood panel roof decking has minimum thickness of
1/2"
30
Wood plank roof decking has minimal thickness of
1"
31
Corrugated steel for roof decking varies from what gauge and thickness
29-12 gauge and overall depth of 3/4-2" | A flat bar of steel can be welded on bottom for rigidity.
32
Precast concrete can be made able to be nailed into for roofing materials if
The appropriate aggregate is used. cast in place is not nailable. Wood must be affixed or embedded in cast in place to nail roof material into
33
Flat roof multistory. Uit dings typically use what type of construction for the roof
Same As it used for the floors
34
Roof coverings provide
Water resistant barrier for thereof system.
35
Flat roof component layers
``` Vapor barrier Drainage layer Wear course Thermal insulation Roofing membrane. ```
36
Vapor barrier
Watertight material used to prevent passage of moisture or vapor through what it protects. Reduce diffusion of moisture through insulation layer. Required when exterior temp averages less than 40 and interior is 45% or greater, 68
37
Thermal insulation
Reduces heat loss through roof. Must withstand mechanical damage like gouging, moisture decay, or fire
38
Membrane roof
Roof covering- single layer of waterproof synthetic membrane over one or mare layers of insulation and roof deck. Aka single ply roof.
39
Built up membranes
Several overlapping layers of roofing felt glued together and saturated with bituminous material, either tar or asphalt. 4 layers common
40
Single membrane roof
Single membrane sheets 10-20 ft wide and up to 200 ft long, typically 0.03-0.10 inch thick.
41
Single ply roof membranes are made of
Rubber, ethylene propylene diene monomer EPDM polyvinyl chloride PVC chlorinated polyethylene CPE
42
Single ply can be heated on bottom with torch to cause it to adhere to roof, this can commonly cause
Roof fires
43
Fluid applied membranes.
Useful for curved roofs or domes, liquid applied and allowed to cure. Neoprene, silicone, polyurethane, butyl rubber
44
Drainage layer may be
Fabric, ballast gravel
45
Wear course
External covering of roof that protects it from mechanical wear. Tar and grave, roof uses gravel as wear course, or aggregate in built up roof.
46
Pitched roof ove rings fall into two categories.
Shingle or tile | Metal
47
Wood shingles
Shingles are thin tapered sawn From trees
48
Shakes
Split wood by hand or machine and thicker than shingles.
49
Shingles or shakes are made from
Red or white cedar, or redwood because of rot resistance.
50
Asphalt shingles
Asphalt impregnated felt made of rag, paper, Fiberglass, or wool. Mineral aggregate on top to provide wear resistance and color, typically 12x36 sheets.
51
Slate shingles are how thick
1/16 to 1.5 inches
52
Slate roofs weight
8-36 lbs/ft2
53
Curved clay tiles are known as
Mission tiles
54
Concrete tiles
Portland cement aggregate and water.
55
Shingles can be applied over what type of roofs
Solid deck, covered in sheathing | Or open deck, furring nailed to rafters for shingles to be nailed on.
56
Roofing Wood shakes or shingles are flammable but wind resistant. To reduce flammability what is done to some types
Pressure treated with fire retardant, lasts well through weathering. Painting or staining reduces efficacy.
57
Asphalt shingles are flammable and can drop and run. What reduces their flammability.
Grit surface.
58
Hazards of clay, slate and tile roofs
Tiles can become loose or fall off Can be slippery Slate can be sharp
59
Metal roof covering are made of
Galvanized iron or steel, copper, zinc, aluminum and lead.
60
Corrugated steel roofing sheets may be strong enough to be used without decking underneath. They are supported by
Beams or purlins spacing from 2-6'
61
Class a roof coverings are effective against
Severe fire exposure
62
Class b roof coverings are effective against
Moderate fire exposure
63
Class c roof coverings are effective against
Light fire exposure.
64
Rain roof
Second roof constructed over existing. Usually over worn out roof. Like a second roof system over old one, creates voids.
65
Green roof
Makes use of roof space for a garden.
66
Green roof benefits
Co2 oxygen exchange for environment, added insulation.
67
Roof system for green roof must support dead load of greenery which can consist of
A few inches up to 2' of soil, dead loads varying from 20-150 lbs/ft2
68
Green roofs can interfere with what firefighting operations
Ventilation or attack.
69
Photovoltaic roof
Solar energy roof
70
Risks of solar roofs
Electrical energy still retained in panel after pier is shut off. Do not break. Tripping or falling hazard. Inhalation hazard.
71
Air supported roofs
Typically used in sports arenas for year round use. Practice facility.
72
Attempts to ventilate air supported roofs wil, cause
Loss of interior support pressure, can't support ff weight
73
Penthouse
Structure built on top of roof for living space, covering of stairs or housing mechanical or utilities. So wit es,now as bulkhead.
74
Some penthouses may not be accessible from inside the building and need to be accessed from
Roof, frequent with elevator or mechanical equipment.
75
Skylights may be located over
Atrium, stairwell, or light shaft. Typically serves top floor though.
76
Underside of roofs can have ceilings or
Be left exposed inside.
77
Fundamental safety points regarding roofs
Roofs aren't as strong as floor, designed for lighter live load Concealed space between ceiling and roof deck, extension Loads may be added to roofs it wasn't designed to hold Deteriorate from elements, may have several layers from repair.

Building Construction Related To The Fire Service (15 decks)

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