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Building Construction Related To The Fire Service > 3 The Way Buildings Are Built Structural Design Features > Flashcards

3 The Way Buildings Are Built Structural Design Features Flashcards

1
Q

Load

A

Any effect that a structure must be designed to resist. Forces of loads such as gravity wind earthquakes soil pressure

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2
Q

Gravity

A

Force acting to draw an object toward the earths center force is equal to the object wait

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3
Q

When the air is in motion it possesses what type of energy

A

Kinetic energy

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4
Q

When wind encounters a fixed object and exerts what

A

Force on the object

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5
Q

To design an adequate structure the engineer must first determine

A

The type of magnitude of the force us to which the structure will be subjected

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6
Q

Wind exerts the following basic forces on a building

A

Direct pressure, aerodynamic drag, negative pressure

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7
Q

The impact affect the wind has on a surface. The Force maybe reduced by streamlining the service encountered

A

Direct pressure

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8
Q

When wind encounters an object, it’s fluid nature causes it to flow around the object. This exerts a drag effect on the object

A

Aerodynamic drag

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9
Q

The suction effect produced on the down wind side of the building resulting in outward pressure

A

Negative pressure

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10
Q

Secondary wind effects.

A

Rocking effect, vibration, clean off effect (blow objects off building.)

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11
Q

The clean off effect is of the tequila concerned when a building has projections. Such as

A

Canopy and parapets

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12
Q

Primary effect considered when designing and building to withstand wind force is

A

Direct pressure

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13
Q

Forces developed by earthquakes. Are some of the most complex forces exerted on a billing

A

Seismic forces

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14
Q

Sometimes consideration for seismic loads is not given special attention because

A

Structural provisions for wind or gravitational load is adequate for likely seismic load

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15
Q

Seismic load can be found in these regions

A

Pacific Coast, Canada, Hawaii, Central Utah, southern Illinois

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16
Q

A force produced and structural member when it is twisted

A

Torsion force

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17
Q

Magnitude of force developed in a building during earthquake depends on

A

Magnitude of vibration motion, type of foundation, soil under building, structure stiffness, dampening mechanisms in building

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18
Q

This phenomenon occurs during earthquake, when soil is loose and Sandy saturated with water

A

Soil liquefication

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19
Q

Tendency of a body to remain in motion or addressed until acted upon by force

A

Inertia

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20
Q

Swaying motions and sheering forces can occur because of what force during earthquakes. More common in taller buildings

A

Inertia

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21
Q

These Buildings are more susceptible to damage from earthquakes than buildings having symmetrical design

A

Buildings with Geometric regularities

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22
Q

What can be designed into the structure between two sections of different shape and size to resist damage during earthquake

A

Seismic joint

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23
Q

Maintaining fire rating of seismic joint can be difficult and can contribute to

A

Fire spread

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24
Q

Buildings that require stronger seismic bracing

A

Public assembly, large office buildings, schools, community recovery, fire and police, hospitals, communication center, generator stations

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25
Q

Increasing stiffness through use of sheer walls and cross bracing is used for

A

Protection against forces of earth quake slow vibrational.

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26
Q

Building was designed with redundant structural frames are less likely to

A

Collapse of one member fails during quake

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27
Q

Pre-use against earthquake damage dampening mechanisms can be provided and are usually installed

A

At the connections between columns and beams

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28
Q

Two types of base isolation for earthquake protection

A

Elastomeric bearings, sliding systems

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29
Q

Create a layer between the building and the foundation which has a low horizontal stiffness bearings made of either natural rubber or neoprene

A

Elastomeric bearings

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30
Q

Earthquake protection use of special plates sliding on each other

A

Sliding systems

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31
Q

Pressure exerted by soil against the foundation is known as

A

Active soil pressure

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32
Q

Force of foundation against soil is known as

A

Passive soil pressure

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33
Q

The magnitude of social pressure depends on

A

Type of soil, it’s degree of cohesion, and moisture content

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34
Q

Dead load

A

Weight of structure, structural members, building components, other feature prominently attached to building it is constant and immobile. Load on a structure due to its own weight

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35
Q

As the temperature outside a building changes, the structural members at the periphery of the building

A

Expand and contract, causing force exerted on interior members due to temperature difference

36
Q

As wood dries over time this force can occur causing tensile forces at connection

A

Shrinkage

37
Q

Live load

A

Forced placed upon a structure by the addition of people objects or whether

38
Q

Load applied over a large area

A

Uniformly distributed load

39
Q

Load applied at one point or over a small area

A

Concentrated load

40
Q

Load exerted on a roof from the weight of snow is snow load, can vary from none to

A

60 pounds per square foot some areas such as northern Michigan

41
Q

Frequently snow load calculator for roof may be on the order of

A

20 or 30 pounds per square foot

42
Q

Water for firefighting operations can add an additional live mode. Stream of water discharge at 2:50 GPM introduces how much water

A

2082 pounds of water per minute

43
Q

Water depth of 3 inches will impose a load of

A

20.8 pounds per square foot

44
Q

Loads that are study motionless constant or applied gradually

A

Static load

45
Q

Loads that involve motion also called shock loading

A

Dynamic load

46
Q

Dynamic loads differ from static loads and that they are capable of delivering

A

Energy to a structure in addition to the weight of an object

47
Q

Equilibrium

A

Condition in which the support provided by structural system is equal to the applied loads

48
Q

Force that resists be applied loads are known as

A

Reactions

49
Q

Protecting beam or slab supported at one end

A

Cantilever

50
Q

Exterior loads can create different kinds of interior forces they are

A

Tension, compression, shear

51
Q

Tension

A

Those vertical or horizontal force is that tend to pull things apart, example force exerted on bottom cord of a truss

52
Q

Shear

A

Tends to slide one plane of material past an adjacent plane

53
Q

Load applied to the center of the cross-section of a member and perpendicular to that cross-section. It can be either tensile or compressive and create uniform stress across

A

Axial load

54
Q

Depending on the manner in which they are applied exterior loads can also be classified as

A

Axial, eccentric, or torsional

55
Q

Eccentric loading

A

Load perpendicular to the cross-section of the structural member but does not pass through the center of the cross-section

56
Q

Load offset from the center of the cross-section of the member and at an angle to more in the same plane as the cross-section. Produces a twisting affect that creates shear stresses

A

Torsional load

57
Q

Larger structural systems can be constructed from several basic components including

A

Beams, columns, arches, cables, trusses, space friends, connectors

58
Q

Structural member subject to loads usually vertical, perpendicular to its length

A

Beam

59
Q

Under fire conditions a rigidly supported beam will tend to retain its loadbearing ability longer than

A

A simply supported been

60
Q

The top of a beam is subject to compression whereas the bottom is subject to

A

Tension

61
Q

The primary design consideration of beams is their ability to resist

A

Bending from the applied loads

62
Q

Support variety of beams

A

Simply, restrained, cantilever, overhang, continuous

63
Q

Beams are typically in the shape of an i because

A

The top and bottom do the most work At resisting force venting

64
Q

Vertical supporting member designed to support axial compressive load

A

, Column

65
Q

Tall columns fail by buckling in short columns fail by

A

Crushing

66
Q

The curved structural member in which the interior stresses are primarily compressive

A

Arch

67
Q

Flexible structural members that can be used to support groups tense and restring pneumatic structures, under tension stress

A

Cables

68
Q

Truss

A

Structural member used to form a roof work for framework, formed by triangles or combinations of trying to provide maximum load bearing capacity

69
Q

Top and bottom members of the trusses are called

A

Top, Bottom cords

70
Q

Diagonal members of trusses are called either

A

Diagonals or web members

71
Q

Review truss table on page 96

A

Page 96 truss types

72
Q

Typical truss shapes are available to spend distances of 22 to 70 feet, but in today’s construction trusts bands in excess of what distance are not uncommon

A

100 feet

73
Q

Failure of any portion of the top or bottom chord in a truss results in

A

Failure of the truss

74
Q

Truss structures that are developed in three dimensions

A

Space frames

75
Q

The connection and truss assemblies are a critical part of the trust failure of a connector will result in

A

Failure of the truss

76
Q

Wall that supports itself and the weight of the roof and or other internal structural framing components such as the floor beans about it

A

Bearing wall

77
Q

In post and beam construction vertical post may be spaced up to

A

24 inches apart

78
Q

In supporting roofs only, typical dimensions for posts in post and beam construction are

A

6 x 8”

79
Q

Rigid frame construction

A

When the joints between a column and being our reinforced so bending stresses can be transmitted through the joints

80
Q

Surface system

A

System of construction in which the building consists primarily of an. In closing service and in which the stresses resulting from the applied loads occur within the surface bearing wall structure

81
Q

Membrane structure

A

Structure with an enclosing surface of a thin stretch flexible material like tarp greenhouse

82
Q

Slab and column frames are more frequently encountered in

A

Concrete structures

83
Q

Tents are used for short periods where as membrane structures are

A

Permanent

84
Q

Shell structure

A

Rigid three-dimensional structure having an outer skin thickness that is small compared to other dimensions. Example as a nuclear power plant cooling tower

85
Q

Shell structures are commonly and geometric shapes such as

A

Cones, domes, barrel vaults, folded plates

Building Construction Related To The Fire Service (15 decks)

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