7 Terrorist Attacks, Criminal Activites, Disaster Flashcards
Traditional terrorist tactics
Assassination, armed assault, bombing.
Wmd
Mass casualty using toxic or poison chem, disease/ bio, radiological
Wmd threat mostly comes from
Established nations with structures and resources to manufacture, not terrorists
Possible wmd types
Explosives Bio toxins- ricin Industrial chemicals Bio pathogens- plague Radiological- dirty bomb Military grade chem weapons Nuclear weapons
Greatest wmd threat
Explosives, weapon of choice
Responders are most like to encounter what type of explosive
IED improvised explosive device
Shock front
Boundary between pressure disturbance, created by explosion, and ambient atmosphere water or earth
Blast pressure wave
Shock wave from rapidly expanding gas in explosion. 13,000 mph
Two phases to explosion blast pressure wave
Positive pressure and negative pressure phase.
Positive pressure blast phase
Shock front leads, outward force
Negative pressure blast phase
Suction phase. Displaced air rushes in to fill vacuum left at center of explosion. Lasts three times longer than positive. Less damaging.
Detonation
Supersonic thermal decomposition accompanied by shockwave. Explosion where Energy travels faster than sound
High explosives
Detonation. 3300-29,900 fps plastic explosives Ntg Tnt Blasting caps Dynamite Ammonium nitrate fuel oil. Anfo
Low explosives
Fast decomposition but not explosive effect unless confined. Commonly used as propellants in small spaces, bullets, fire works
Deflagration
Fast burning, black powder
Primary explosives
Heat sensitive, easily initiated, used as detonators.
Lead azide
Mercury fulminate
Lead styphnate
Secondary explosives
Detonate under specific circumstances, usually activated by primary explosives. Less sensitive to stimuli
Tnt
Tertiary explosives (blasting agents)
Very insensitive based on ammonium nitrate. Secondary activation.
Key differences for terror attacks
Intent- try to inflict mass harm.
Severity and complexity- mass casualties, possible radiological
Crime scene management- preserve evidence
Command structure- unified command, law enforcement in charge
Secondary/ armed resistance- weapons booby traps, targeted responders
First responders are most likely to encounter what type of explosive
Improvised. Or homemade
Two types of peroxide based explosives
Hexamethylene triperoxide diamine HMTD acetone peroxide (triacetonetriperoxide TATP)
Peroxide based explosives are made by mixing
Acetone, concentrated hydrogen peroxide, and either hydrochloric or sulfuric acid
Potassium chloride is 83% the power of tnt. It can be found
In fireworks, chemical supply houses, printing, dying, steel, weed killer, matches.
Urea nitrate
Concentrated urine or urea and nitric acid, sulfuric acid used in processing.
Ied types
Vehicle Pipe bomb Backpack/ suitcase etc Person Bourne Mail package or letter Plastic bottle Fireworks M bombs (m80) 12 gram co2 bombs (crickets) Tennis ball Other
Concerning signs toward ID ieds
Containers with unknown liquids
Attached devices, circuit boards, wires cell phones
Devises containing quantities of fuses, fireworks, match heads, black powder, etc
Fragmentation surrounding objects, like nails bolts or ball bearing
Blasting caps, detcord, commercial or military explosives
Signs of suicide bomber,
Nervousness or anxious behavior pertains to their clothes and movement
Bulky chest or belt areas
Unreasonable attire, like a coat in summer
Exposed wires
Fbi ALERT possible bomber
Alone and nervous Lose bulky clothing Exposed wires, maybe in sleeve Rigid midsection Tightened hands (holding trigger)
First priority after suspected bomber is incapacitated or killed
Do not approach, clear and isolate, observe at distance
Within 300’ of suspected explosive or vehicle ied, what shouldn’t be used
Radios, cell phones, mobile data terminals,
possible trigger frequency
Two types of chemicals used in chem attacks
Chemical warfare/ chemical agents
And toxic industrial materials TIMs
Types of chemical agents
Nerve Blister (vesicants) Blood (cyanide) Choking (pulmonary) Riot control (irritants) Toxic industrial material TIM
Although sometimes called nerve gas, nerve agents are actually
Liquid at room temp and are aerosolized for use. Generally clear and odorless
Tabun
Nerve, low volatility, persistent, skin or inhaled
Sarin
Nerve, volatile, non persistent, inhaled
Soman
Nerve, moderately volatile, absorb or inhale
Cyclohexyl sarin
Nerve, low volatility, persistent, skin, inhale
V agent, VX
Nerve, low volatility, persistent, remains on things long time.
Skin, inhalation,
Nerve agents have low vapor pressure and therefore
Will not travel far
Blister agents act upon
Eyes, mucous membranes, lungs, skin, blood forming organs
Blister agents are more likely to produce what in a population
More Casualties than fatalities
Blister agents are persistent and may take
Weeks to evaporate
Blister agent groups
Mustard Sulfur Nitrogen Arsenical vesicants Lewisite Mustard/ lewisite mix Phenyldichloroarsine Halogenated oximes Phosgene oxime
Blood agents are
Chemical asphyxiants, physically interfering with cell ability to use or carry O2
Blood agents are sometimes classed the same as cyanogen agents, however
Not all are cyanogens, Arsine is not
Arsine
Blood, arsenic and acid
Hydrogen cyanide
Blood, high volatility, flammable, soluble. Less dense than air, bitter almonds
Cyanogen chloride
Blood, high volatility, heavier than air, pungent, non persistent
Choking agents
Chlorine, phosgene
Chlorine
Choking, gas heavier than air. Pressurized liquid. Yellow green, reactive, not liquid long
Phosgene
Choking, smells fresh cut hay- lethal smell. Most chem death in wwi. Gas at room temp, liquid under pressure or cool. Boiling point 48F, volatile. Heavier than air. Won’t remain liquid
Riot control agents are all in what form
Solids requiring aerosolized
Incapacitants
Riot control, Cns stim or suppressant
Vomiting agent
Riot control,
Diphenylchlorasine
Diphenylaminearsine chloride
Diphenylcyracine
Tim, toxic industrial material
Toxic industrial chem produced in quantities exceeding 30 tons per year at one facility. Greater threat than chemical warfare agents
As provided by osha, TIMs are categorized:
High hazard, high toxic, easy vapor, widely produced
Medium hazard, high rank is some cat. Lower in others like physical state and tox
Low hazard, not a likely hazard unless operwtional factors indicate
Primary objective at chemical attack
Do greatest good for greatest number
UN/dot, classify bio agents and toxins under what hazard class
6.2
Potential bio agents are divided into three classes
A, b, c
Class a bio hazard
Easily disseminated to transferred
High mortality rate, public health risk
Cause Panic and social disruption
Special action for health preparedness
Cat B bio hazards
Moderate dissemination
Moderate morbidity, low mortality
Enhance cdc diagnostic, and disease surveillance
Category c bio hazards
Availability, ease of production and dissemination high mortality
List of class c bio agents.
Nipah virus Hanta virus Tickbourne hemorrhagic fever Tick encephalitis Yellow fever Drug resistant TB
How to tell Difference between chem and bio attack
Chem rapid onset symptoms, dead foliage and wildlife/ bugs
Bio, long onset, days, many people effected popping up
Disease transmission methods
Airborne Contact with droplets Direct contact, with person Indirect contact, with surfaces Ingestion of food or water contaminated Vectors- carrier animals
Until the presence or nature of a bio attack pathogen is known a first responder should use what precautions
Universal precautions, once known, upgrade to necessary precautions
Indoor bio attacks may be contained using these methods
Turn off vent systems
Close door windows
Turn off elevator
Seal ducts windows doors with tape plastic and foam
Outdoor bio attacks can be contained using
Covering dispersal device
Decon agent with bleach and water
Secure device in sealed hazmat recovery bin
Operations to ensure bio containment
Initial containment of affected persons
Decon victims
Register all involved for follow up
Only way of confirming radiological incident
Monitoring equipment
Radiation emitting device RED
Gamma emitting device in high profile area
Radiological dispersal device RDD
Dispersal device of radioactive material
Radiological dispersal weapons
Spreads radioactive material without explosives
Pressurized containers or vent systems.
Improvised nuclear device
AkA nuclear device, nuclear weapons are country owned
Improvised nuclear devices. INDs properly made have yields of .
10-20 kilotons
Nuclear attacks are impeded because
Building one is difficult
They are heavy, hundreds of pounds to tons, suitcases are very difficult to make
Suitcase bomb
Portable nuke 24x16x8” 0,5-2 kilotons- 6 mile square
Radiological incidents generally start with local ICS but develop into
Unified command structure of multiple agencies and jurisdictions.
Radiological incident tactics
Apparatus upwind
Secure area, no unauthorized access
Alert to small explosives to disseminate agent
Time, Distance and shielding protection
Ppe scba
Establish Background radiation level outside incident
Do no overhaul and clean up, preserve scene
Time radiation protection
Decrease exposure time
Distance radiation protection
Doubling distance decreases dose by factor of four. Covers more area, less potent, inverse square law
Shielding, radiation protection
Put barrier between. Masonry buildings, 50 reduction in one story building, 90 percent below ground.
ALARA as low as reasonably achievable method
Time distance shielding reduction method of exposure
Rule of seven radiation exposure
0 hrs - 100
7 - 10
49 (2 days) - 1.0
343 (14 days)- 0.1
Problems and hazards with illegal hazmat dumps
Unlabeled containers
Mixed chemicals
Aged chemicals
Environment contamination
For criminal activities, law enforcement should be notified when
As soon as deemed crime
Methods of evidence preservation
Don't touch unless necessary Don't disturb area unless victim rescue What scene looked like and details of progress Document quickly Photos document anything touched or moved Minimize number of workers in area Leave fatalities and area alone Isolate and secure evidence areas Evidence collection points
Issues after natural disaster that may cause mis identification of materials
Missing placards
