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Hazmat For 1st Responders > 4 Chemical properties and hazmat behavior > Flashcards

4 Chemical properties and hazmat behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Gas

A

Fluid that has no independent shape or volume

Gasses tend to expand indefinitely

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2
Q

Liquid

A

No independent shape but does have volume, flow with gravity

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3
Q

Solid

A

Specific shape and volume order its own form

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4
Q

Gasses expand when release, on loving large areas, are difficult to contain and will move

A

According to air flow and prevailing winds

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5
Q

Dust

A

Solid particle formed or generated from solid material by mechanical means

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6
Q

Fume

A

Suspension of particles that form when material from volatile or vapors state solid condenses in cool air.

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7
Q

Mist

A

Finely divided liquid suspended in atmosphere

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8
Q

Aerosol

A

Mist form of minute particles of liquid, respirable

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9
Q

Fiber

A

Solid particle that’s much longer than wide

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10
Q

Vapor

A

Gaseous form of substance that is solid or liquid at room temp and pressure

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11
Q

Flash point

A

Minimum temp at which liquid gives enough vapor to form ignitable mixture with air near liquid surface. Will flash but not continue to burn

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12
Q

Fire point

A

Point at which enough vapors are given off to support continuous combustion. Usually slightly higher than flash point

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13
Q

Flash point of gasoline

A

-45F

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14
Q

Fire point of gasoline

A

-40 to -35F

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15
Q

Boiling point of gasoline

A

100-104F

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16
Q

Ignition temp of gasoline

A

536F

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17
Q

Flammable gasses have no flash point because

A

They are already in gaseous/vapor state

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18
Q

Epa and dot flammable liquid temp

A

Dot 141F or less

Eva 140 f or less

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19
Q

OSHA and nfpa flammable temp

A

Less than 100f

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20
Q

Dot combustible liquid temp

A

141-200f

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21
Q

Nfpa and OSHA combustible temp

A

100F or greater

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22
Q

Auto ignition temp

A

Minimum temp to support self sustained combustion without ignition source
Spontaneous ignition temp

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23
Q

Nfpa denies auto ignition and ignition temp as

A

Autoignition- temp with spontaneously ignite

Ignition temp- temp that initiate self sustained combustion independent of heating element.

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24
Q

CO binds to hemoglobin how many times more than 02

A

200 times

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25
Q

Hydrogen cyanide. HCN

A

Colorless toxic gas, bitter almonds, produced from combustion of nitrogen bearing substances

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26
Q

Flammable range of acetylene

A

2.5-100

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27
Q

Flammable range of CO

A

12.5-74.0

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28
Q

Ethyl aclohol flammable range

A

3.3-19

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29
Q

Fuel oil no1 flammable range

A

0.7-5

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30
Q

Gasoline flammable range

A

1.4-7.6

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31
Q

Methane flammable range (natural gas)

A

5-15

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32
Q

Propane flammable range

A

2.1-9.5

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33
Q

Vapor pressure

A

Measure of substances tendency to evaporate.
Pressure produced or exerted by vapors released from liquid.
As temp increases so do vapors

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34
Q

The higher the temp of a substance what will the vapor pressure be

A

Higher

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35
Q

The lower the boiling point of a substance the _______ the vapor pressure will be

A

Higher

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36
Q

Boiling point

A

Temp at which vapor pressure equals or exceeds atmospheric pressure. Rate of Evan exceeds rate of condensing.
More liquid turn the gas than turns back into liquid.

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37
Q

Flames impinging the vapor space of a tank can cause

A

Bleve faster. Liquid isn’t absorbing heat

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38
Q

Melting point

A

Temp a Solid turns to liquid at normal atmospheric pressure

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39
Q

Freezing point

A

Temp liquid becomes solid at normal atmospheric pressure.

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40
Q

Sublime

A

Changing directly into gas from solid with no liquid stage possible. Ex, co2 at atmospheric pressure is either solid or gas

41
Q

Vapor density

A

Weight of given volume of pure vapor or gas compared to equal dry air. Less than 1 is lighter than air
More than 1 is heavier than air

42
Q

Vapor density Less than 1

A 
ammonia 
acetylene
Helium, 
hydrogen, 
HCN, 
hydrogen fluoride, 
methane, 
neon, 
nitrogen,
43
Q

Vapor density greater than 1

A 
butane
chlorine, 
ethane
hydrogen sulfide
Propane
sulfur dioxide
44
Q

Polar solvents _______ with water

A

Mix with water.

45
Q

Water soluble irritants when inhaled cause symptoms

A

Soon

46
Q

Partially water soluble chicks cause respiratory symptoms

A

Later, delayed, 12-24 hrs

penetrate desperate on respiratory system.

47
Q

Miscibility

A

Two or more gas or liquids capability to mix together.

48
Q

Immiscible

A

Two or more materials that do not readily dissolve or mix with one another

49
Q

Specific gravity

A

Weight of substance in relation to equal volume of water at given temp.
Less than 1 lighter than water
Greater than 1 heavier than water

50
Q

Persistence

A

Time a chem agent remains effective without dispersing
Time chem remains in environment without breaking down
Time chem agent remains liquid, typically more than 24 hrs

51
Q

Reactivity

A

Substance ability to chem react with another material.

52
Q

Reactivity triangle components

A 
Oxidizing agent (02, peroxides, alkyl nitrates)
Activation agent (heat, light, shock, radiation.)
Reducing agent (fuel)
53
Q

Strong oxidizer

A

Material encourages strong oxidation reaction, by readily accepting electrons, form a reducing agent (fuel)

54
Q

If liquid Cryo O2 is spilled on asphalt, if stepped on the roadway could

A

Explode from oxidation rxn

55
Q

Wood is less prone to undergo ______ as a highly flammable liquid like MEK

A

Rapid oxidation (won’t burn as easily)

56
Q

The loss of electrons from a reducing agent to an oxidizer causes

A

Energy to be released, stronger the oxidation, stronger energy release

57
Q

Polymerization

A

Chem rxn where catalyst causes simple molecules to combine, forming long chains, releases energy.

58
Q

Substances that undergo violent polymerization if subjected to hear or contamination are marked with what in the blue and yellow sections of erg

A

Designated with a P

59
Q

Inhibitors

A

Material added to control or prevent polymerization. Aka stabilizer

60
Q

Inhibitors may be time sensitive, meaning

A

The become less effective over time
Overwhelmed by reaction trigger like heat
Exhausted over time by contamination

61
Q

General hazardous material behavior model

General emergency behavior model GEBMO

A

Ludwig benner

Hazmats are things that can escape their containers and hurt or harm the things they touch.

62
Q

Three states of matter

A

Gas
Liquid
Solid

63
Q

GEBMO helps first responders

A

Predict course of incident, limit effects of hazmat

Defensive mode action

64
Q

Sequence of events in hazmat incident

A 
Stress
Breach
Release
Dispersion/engulf
Exposure/contact
Harm
65
Q

According to dot, what percentage is stress responsible for hazmat incident

A

1/4th

66
Q

Stress

A

Stimulus causing strain,
Tension compression
Pressure, force applied at right angles
Deformity- torque or twisting

67
Q

When evaluating container stress, consider

A

Type of container, type and amount of stress, duration of stress

68
Q

Thermal stress

A

Excessive heat or cold causes excessive expansion and contraction, weakening, loss of temper

69
Q

Chemical stress

A

Uncontrolled reactions of contents in container or the container itself, -sudden or long term deterioration of container

70
Q

Mechanical stress

A

Physical application of energy causing damage or weakening, structural deformity

71
Q

When a container is stressed beyond limits of recovery or its design it

A

Opens or breaches and releases

72
Q

General loss of integrity, like glass bottle shattering, tank exploding
Brittle material

A

Disintegration breach

73
Q

Crack develops and grows ralidly,
Associated with drums tanks or cylinders
Bleve

A

Runaway cracking breach

74
Q

Attachments (closures) open or break

Breach

A

Valves, pressure reliefs break off or fail

75
Q

Puncture breach

A

Mechanical action

76
Q

Split or tear breach

A

Welded seam fails, bag seam fails

77
Q

When a container fails, three things may be released

A

Product. Energy. Container (while or in pieces)

78
Q

Releases are classified based on their speed

A

Detonation
Violent rupture
Rapid relief
Spill leak

79
Q

Instant and explosive release of cored chem energy and hazmat
High explosive
Hundredths of seconds

A

Detonation release

80
Q

Immediate release of chemor mech energy caused by runaway cracks. One second or less, Bleve

A

Violent rupture release

81
Q

Fast release of pressurized hazmat through properly operating safety devices or damaged pipes or valves
Seconds or minutes.

A

Rapid relief

Release

82
Q

Release under atmospheric head pressure through holes or other openings
Minutes or days.

A

Spill leak release

83
Q

Dispersion of a material is sometimes referred to as

A

Engulf

84
Q

Dispersion depends on

A

Type of release and physical chem properties of material

85
Q

Dispersion is done according to five factors

A 
Physical chem properties
Prevailing weather conditions
Local topography
Duration of release
Control efforts.
86
Q

Semi circular or dome shaped release, airborne, partially in contact with ground or water. Generally from rapid release- detonation, deflagration, violent rupture

A

Hemispheric release

87
Q

Ball shaped airborne. Collectively risen above ground. Gas vapor or dust/ aerosol

A

Cloud dispersion

88
Q

Irregular shaped airborne, wind and topography influence spread
Gas and vapor

A

Plume dispersion

89
Q

Triangular shaped pattern with point of source at breach and wide base downrange.

A

Cone dispersion

90
Q

Surface following pattern of liquid. Affected by gravity and topography. Downslope

A

Stream dispersion

91
Q

Three dimensional with depth slow liquid.

A

Pool dispersion

92
Q

Irregular or indiscriminate depost of hazmat

Carried by persons

A

Irregular dispersal

93
Q

Types of exposures to consider

A

People
Property
Environment

94
Q

Contacts or impingement a are associated with the following time frames.

A

Immediate
Short term
Medium term
Long term

95
Q

Immediate contact

A

Milliseconds, seconds,

Explosions, detonations

96
Q

Short term contacts

A

Minutes, hours,

Gas or vapor cloud

97
Q

Medium term contacts

A

Days weeks months

Lingering pesticide

98
Q

Long term contacts

A

Years, generations

Radioactive sources

99
Q

Harm

A

Injury or damage caused by hazmat exposure

Hazmat For 1st Responders (12 decks)

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