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Hazmat For 1st Responders > 11 Air Monitoring And Sampling > Flashcards

11 Air Monitoring And Sampling Flashcards

1
Q

What instrument can detect, identify, and measure all hazmat

A

Not one device can measure all

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2
Q

When can an operations level responder do air monitoring and sampling

A

With proper training, under direction of hazmat tech or allied pro, or with written sop

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3
Q

Air monitoring can be an important as peck of mitigation, assisting in the following tasks

A

ID hazards
Determine appropriate ppe, tools, equipment
Determine perimeter and scope of incident
Check effectiveness of defensive ops
Ensure efficacy of Decon
Detecting leaks
Monitor Decon runoff

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4
Q

Instrument reaction time

A

Elapsed time from air moving into device to reading provided

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5
Q

Monitoring must be done at different levels in the air because

A

Gasses vary in specific gravity, some lighter or heavier causing sinking or rising

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6
Q

Dose

A

Quantity of chem ingested or absorbed into body

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7
Q

Concentration

A

Quantity of chem inhaled, percentage of chem mixed in air or water

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8
Q

Parts per million measures concentration in what mediums

A

Water or air

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9
Q

Exposure limits may be expressed in terms such as

A

Threshold limit value TLV
short term exposure limit STEL
threshold limit values ceiling TLV-C
Permissible exposure limit PEL

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10
Q

Concentrations that are high enough to cause serious injury or death are expressed in terms of

A

IDLH immediately dangerous to life or health

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11
Q

The lower the exposure limit of a chemical…

A

The potentially more harmful it is

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12
Q

You should be safe from any toxic effects from an exposure if

A

Your exposure level never exceeds the lowest number indicated. I

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13
Q

What should be monitored for

A

O2, radiation, corrosives, flammables, oxidizers, explosives, toxics, exothermics

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14
Q

Many detection devices require what to function properly

A

Sufficient oxygen

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15
Q

It is important to document the detection finding, such as,

A

Time of reading
Level (height) the reading was taken at
Reading obtained
Instrument used

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16
Q

Issues to consider when selecting monitoring equipment

A 
Mission- rescue or control
Suspected hazards involved
Portability and user friendliness 
Instrument reaction time
Sensitivity and selectivity- how well and to what degree
Calibration
Training
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17
Q

Improperly maintained or calibrated instruments are a safety hazard because

A

Readings may be inaccurate or misleading

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18
Q

Devices should be calibrated, maintained and Deconed according to

A

Manufacturers directions

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19
Q

All devices and instruments have their strengths and

A

Limitations

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20
Q

PH should always be one of the first hazards monitored unless specific hazard is known because

A

A large percentage of hazmat incidents involve corrosives and can damage detection instruments and ppe

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21
Q

PH

A

Measurement of hydrogen ions in solution indicating strength.

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22
Q

Concentration

A

Reflects amount of acid or base mixed with water. Higher percentage, higher damage. 95 percent formic acid solution is 95 acid 5 water.

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23
Q

Each who,e ph value below 7 is how many more times acidic than the next highest value

A

10 times. 4 is 19 times more than 5 and 100 times more than 6

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24
Q

For each whole number above 7 how much more basic is it

A

10 times more than the previous. 10 is 10 times more than 9, 100 more than 8

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25
Q

Primary methods of determining ph

A

Ph meters and paper

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26
Q

Ph 0-3

A

Strong acids

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27
Q

Ph 7

A

Neutral, water

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28
Q

Ph 10-14

A

Strong base

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29
Q

Limitations of ph paper

A

Close proximity or contact with hazmat
Can’t detect concentration
Difficulty reading paper if contaminated or damaged by material being read

30
Q

Most ph paper requires to be wetted with

A

Distiller water

31
Q

Before using ph meter what must be done

A

Calibrated and prove rinsed with distiller water before and after use

32
Q

Most reactive of all chem compounds

A

Fluorine, compounds with it are called fluorides

33
Q

Hydrogen fluoride requires what level suit protection

A

Level a, extremely corrosive toxic and mildly reactive.

34
Q

Fluoride test papers

A

Detects fluoride ions and gaseous hydrogen fluoride

Pink red paper turns yellow white.

35
Q

Oxygen deficient atmosphere is be,ow what percent

A

19.5 percent

36
Q

Oxygen enriched atmosphere is above what percent

A

23.5 percent

37
Q

Normal air contains what gasses and percentage

A

20.9% O2
78.1% nitrogen
1% other or trace gasses

38
Q

Any oxygen reading below 20.9 indicates

A

The presence of other contaminants displacing the oxygen.

39
Q

Contaminants will displace oxygen proportionately, a 1% drop on oxygen is equivalent to

A

50,000 ppm of something else in the air.

40
Q

Oxygen sensors degrade quickly, even when

A

Not in use, or in contact with oxidizers and co2

41
Q

O2 meter limitations

A

Corrosives cause rapid failure
Strong oxidizers cause high readings, chlorine, bromine, fluorine
Sensors deteriorate over time and need replacing
Humidity, temp and atmospheric pressure affect monitors

42
Q

Cgi

A

Combustible gas indicator

Aka lel meters

43
Q

Cgi measures gas in three ways

A

Percent of lel
Ppm
Percent of gas by volume of air

44
Q

Typically lel meters will alarm at what

A

10 percent the lel

45
Q

Common calibration gases for cgi

A

Methane, pentane, propane, hexane

46
Q

Conversion factors

A

Aka response curves, aka multipliers

Conversions from calibrated gas to gas being metered

47
Q

When using cgi the atmosphere must have sufficient oxygen to render accurate reading because

A

A combustion chamber is used and oxygen variances will effect rare of combustion and reading.

48
Q

Factors influencing cgi readings

A 
Catalyst poisons 
Concentrations exceeding 100% lel 
Concentrations exceeding uel 
Chlorinated hydrocarbons
Oxyacetylene mixtures
49
Q

Limitations of cgi

A

Sensitive to battery life, loses responsiveness with power
Corrosive gas damage sensors
Meter response slow in cold weather
Cell phones, high voltage, other emf, interfere with readings
Oxygen sensitivity,

50
Q

Toxicity is also a factor of exposure over

A

Time

51
Q

Median lethal dose

A

Ld50

52
Q

Lethal concentration

A

Minimum concentration of inhaled substance to cause death, 1-4 hrs

53
Q

Typical four gas meter will detect

A

Lel, oxygen, co, hydrogen sulfide

54
Q

Photoionization detectors

A

PIDs use uv lamp to ionize samples of gas to detect low concentrations of organic or inorganic vapors, can’t determine specific substance but indicate a contaminant is present.

55
Q

Colorimetric tubes

A

Reagent in tube changes color when exposed to specific chemical or family.

56
Q

Problems with colorimetric tubes

A

Determine presence of material but not unidentified products. Error rate of 25-35%

57
Q

Curie

Ci

A

English system for radioactivity measurement. Indicating number of radioactive decays or disintegrations in a time
Large amount

58
Q

Becquerels Bq

A

International radioactivity measurement, small amount

59
Q

Amount of radiation exposure is expressed in

A

Rem (large amount of radiation) or Millirem

60
Q

Roentgen

R

A

Measuring radiation exposure only for gamma and X-ray on US DOSIMETERS
r/hr

61
Q

Radiation absorbed dose

RAD

A

Used to measure the amount of radiation absorbed by a material

62
Q

Roentgen equivalent in man

REM

A

Absorbed dose equivalent in human body. All types of radiation. Takes energy absorbed in RAD and bio effect on body based on different types of radiation. Used to set dose limits.

63
Q

Simplest and most affordable tool available for responders to detect radiation and contamination

A

Hand held portable survey instruments.

64
Q

Three groups for radiological instruments

A

Measuring radiation exposure
Detect contamination
Dose monitoring and personal dosimetry

65
Q

Contamination can emit what types of radiation

A

Alpha, beta, gamma, combination

66
Q

Two types of radiation detectors

A

Gas filled

Scintillation

67
Q

Gas filled radiation detector

A

Radiation ionizes gas in chamber, instrument measures number of ions made.

68
Q

Common gas filled radiation detectors

A

Ion chambers

Geiger- mueller GM

69
Q

Scintillation radiation detector

A

Radiation interacts with crystal, usually sodium iodide, cesium iodide, or zinc sulfide. Produce small flash of light. Electronics amplify flash to create signal. Detect small amounts of radiation

70
Q

Dosimeters are useful for tracking accumulated radiation dose
Works like an odometer because

A

Measures total dose received over time

71
Q

Dosimeters should be read how often

A

Before entering
15-20 min intervals inside hot zone
Upon leaving

Hazmat For 1st Responders (12 decks)

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