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Histology > 7. Respiratory System > Flashcards

7. Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory tract? (8)

A
  • Filtration
  • Humidification
  • Warming
  • Olfaction
  • Gas transport
  • Speech
  • Protection against infection
  • Gas exchange
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2
Q

Describe the respiratory epithelium.

A

Pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelial cells interspersed with goblet cells

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3
Q

What are the 4 functions of the nose?

A
  • Filtration
  • Humidification
  • Warming
  • Olfaction
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4
Q

What is the epithelium of the nose?

A
  • Keratinising and non-keratinising squamous epithelium
  • Respiratory epithelium
  • Richly vascular lamina propria containing seromucionous glands
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5
Q

Describe the olfaction epithelium on the roof of the nasal cavity.

A
  • Pseudostratified epithelium of olfactory receptor cells with supporting sustentacular cells and basal cells
  • Serous glands of Bowman
  • Rickly innervated lamina propria
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6
Q

Describe olfactory receptor cells.

A

Bipolar neurones- dendrite extends to surface to become club-shaped ciliated olfactory vesicle

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7
Q

What are the 4 functions of the nasopharynx?

A
  • Gas transport
  • Humidification
  • Warming
  • Olfaction
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8
Q

What is the epithelium of the nasopharynx?

A

Respiratory epithelium

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9
Q

What are the 4 functions of the nasal sinuses?

A
  • Lower the weight of the skull
  • Add resonance to the voice
  • Humidify air
  • Warm air
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10
Q

What is the epithelium of the nasal sinuses?

A

Respiratory epithelium

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11
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A

Voice production

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12
Q

Describe the epithelium of the larynx.

A
  • Respiratory epithelium
  • Loose fibrocollagenous stroma with seromucinous glands
  • Lymphatics and blood vessels common
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13
Q

What is the epithelium of the vocal cords?

A

Stratified swuamous epithelium overlying loose irregular fibrous tissue (Reinke’s space) with almost no lymphatics

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14
Q

What is the function of the trachea?

A

Conducts air to and from the lungs

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15
Q

Describe the trachea epithelium.

A
  • Respiratory
  • Seromucinous glands in submucosa
  • Trachealis muscle posteriolry
  • C-shaped cartilagenous rings
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16
Q

Describe the structures and epithelium of the main bronchi, lobar bronchi and bronchioles.

A
  • Smooth muscle
  • Partial cartilagenous rings
  • Respiratory epithelium
  • Some basal neuroendocrine cells
  • Seromucinous glangs and goblet cells
17
Q

Describe the structure and epithelium of bronchioles.

A
  • Smooth muscle
  • Ciliated columnar epithelium
  • Some basal neuroendocrine cells
  • Few goblet cells
  • Clara cells
18
Q

Describe clara cells.

A
  • Most numerous in terminal bronchioles
  • Mitochondria, sER
  • Secretory granules
  • No cilia, vesicular cytoplasm
19
Q

Describe the epithelium of respiratory bronchioles.

A
  • Cuboidal ciliated epithelium
  • Spirally-arranged smooth muscle
  • No cartilage
20
Q

What is the function of respiratory bronchioles?

A
  • Gas exhange as well as transport
  • Link terminal brochioles and alveolar ducts
21
Q

What are the 3 alveoli cell types?

A
  • Type 1 pneumocytes
  • Type 2 pneumocytes
  • Alveolar macrophages
22
Q

Describe type 1 pneumocytes.

A
  • Flattened cells
  • Flattened nucleus
  • Few organelles
23
Q

Describe type 2 pneumocytes.

A
  • Rounded cells
  • Round nucleus
  • Rich in mitochondria
  • sER and rER
  • Spherical bodies
24
Q

What is the most numerous alveolar cell type?

A

Type 2 pneumocytes

25
Q

What cell type covers the largest surface area of the alveoli?

A

Type 1 pneumocytes

26
Q

Describe alveolar macrophages.

A
  • Luminal cells
  • Also present in interstitium
27
Q

What is the role of alveolar macrophages?

A

Phagocytose particulates including dusts and bacteria

28
Q

What is the alveoli blood-air barrier?

A

Fused basement membrane of type 1 pneumocyte and capillary vascular endothelial cell

29
Q

Describe the epithelium of the visceral pleura.

A
  • Flat mesothelial cells
  • Loose fibrocollagenous connective tissue
  • Irregular external elastic layer
  • Interstitial fibrocollagenous layer
  • Irregular internal elastic layer
30
Q

What does alveolar interstitium contain?

A
  • Blood vessels
  • Lymphatics
  • Collagen
  • Elastin
  • Some macrophages

Histology (17 decks)

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