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Histology > 6. Blood > Flashcards

6. Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is plasma?

A

Blood minus the cells

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2
Q

What does plasma comprise?

A
  • Water
  • Salts and minerals
  • Plasma proteins
  • Hormones (signal molecules)
  • Other clotting factors
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3
Q

What is serum?

A

Plasma minus clotting factors

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4
Q

Erythrocytes have a lifespan of how long?

A

120 days

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5
Q

Where are erythrocytes produced?

A

In the liver in the foetus and bone marrow in adults

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6
Q

What is the major erythrocyte protein?

A

Haemoglobin

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7
Q

Where are erythrocytes destoryed?

A

In the liver and spleen

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8
Q

What is the erythrocyte cell membrane major protein?

A

Spectrin

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9
Q

What are the 2 different types of leukocytes?

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

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10
Q

What are the 3 different types of granulocytes?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
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11
Q

What are the 2 different types of agranulocytes?

A
  • Lymphocytes
  • Monocytes
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12
Q

Describe neutrophils.

A
  • Commonest white blood cell
  • Multi-lobed nucleus
  • Granular cytoplasm
  • 12-14 um diameter
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13
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

Phagocytic- engulf and destroy bacteria and other foreign macromolecules

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of cytoplasmic granule in neutrophils?

A
  • Primary granules
  • Secondary granules
  • Tertiary granules
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15
Q

Name 2 examples of primary granules.

A

Lyzosomes- myeloperoxidase and acid hydrolases

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16
Q

What are secondary granules?

A

Specific granules that secrete substances that mobilise inflammatory factors

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17
Q

What are tertiary granules?

A

Gelatinases and adhesion molecules

18
Q

Describe eosinophils?

A
  • 1% total white blood cells
  • 12-17 um diameter
  • Bi-lobed nucleus
  • Distinctive large red cytoplasmic granules with crystalline inclusions
19
Q

What is the action of eosinophils? (5)

A
  • Antagonistic in action to basophils
  • Phacocytic with particular affinity for antigen/antibody complexes
  • Receptors for IgE
  • Inhibit mast cell secretion
  • Neutralise histamine and restricts the inflammatory response
20
Q

Describe basophils.

A
  • 0.5% white blood cells
  • 14-16 um diameter
  • Bi-lobed nucleus and prominent dark blue-staining cytoplasmic granules containing histamine
21
Q

What are the functions of basophils? (4)

A
  • Involved in inflammatory reactions and prevent coagulation and afflutination
  • Circulating form of tissue mast cells
  • Receptors for IgE
  • Release histamine and other vasoreactivve agents in response to allergens
  • Results in immediate hypersensitivity reaction
22
Q

What are the 2 functional subtypes of lymphocytes?

A

B cells and T cells

23
Q

What do B cells become?

A

Plasma cells which secrete antibodies

24
Q

What are T cells involved in?

A

Cell-mediated immunity

25
Q

What do T helper cells do?

A

Help B cells and activate macrophages

26
Q

What do T cytotoxic cells do?

A

Kill previously marked target cells

27
Q

What do T suppressor cells do?

A

Suppress TH cells and supress the immune response

28
Q

What do natural killer cells do?

A

Kill virus infected cells

29
Q

Describe monocytes.

A
  • Characteristic reniform nucleus
  • 15-20 um diameter
30
Q

What are the functions of monocytes? (3)

A
  • Differentiate into several cell types within tissue
  • Major phagocytic and defensive role
  • Some become antigen presenting cells, passing antigen fragments to lymphocytes
31
Q

What do monocytes differentiate into?

A
  • Tissue macrophages
  • Kupffer cells
  • Osteoclasts
  • Antigen presenting cells
  • Alveolar macrophages
32
Q

What are platelets?

A

Fragments of cells derived from large multi-nucleated megakaryocytes in the bone marrow

33
Q

Describe platelets.

A
  • 1-3 um diameter
  • Surrounded by cell membrane
  • Contain vesicles with coagulation factors
34
Q

What are platelets responsible for?

A

Clotting of blood especially when the endothelium lining of blood vessels is breached

35
Q

Where do all blood cells form in adults?

A

In the haematopoeitic bone marrow

36
Q

What does the myelon series give rise to?

A

White blood cells

37
Q

What does the erythron series give rise to?

A

Erythrocytes

38
Q

What do megakaryocytes give rise to?

A

Platelets

39
Q

What happens in erythropoeisis?

A
  • Reducing cell size
  • Haemoglobin production
  • Reduction and loss of organelles
  • Basophilia in early precurosrs change to eosinophilia in late prescursors
  • Loss of nucleus
40
Q

What is erythropoeisis mediated by?

A

Erythropoeitin (EPO)

41
Q

What happens in granulopoeisis?

A
  • Increasing number of granules
  • Increasingly complex shape of the nucleus
  • Large pool of stored mature neutrophils in marrow

Histology (17 decks)

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