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Anatomy & Physiology > 7 Nervous System > Flashcards

7 Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

nervous system

A

the controlling and communicating system of the body

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2
Q

the controlling and communicating system of the body

A

the nervous system

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3
Q

the three overlapping functions of the nervous system

A

sensory input - monitor changes
integration - processes and interprets
motor output - effects, causes a response

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4
Q

structural classification of the nervous system consists of what two subdivisions?

A

central nervous system

peripheral nervous system

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5
Q

what does the central nervous system consist of?

A

the brain and the spinal cord

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6
Q

what part of the nervous system is the brain a part of?

A

the central nervous system

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7
Q

what part of the nervous system is the spinal cord a part of?

A

the central nervous system

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8
Q

what is the role of the brain and spinal cord in the nervous system?

A

acts as the integrating and command centers of the nervous system

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9
Q

acts as the integrating and command centers of the nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

what is the role of the central nervous system?

A

interprets incoming sensory information and issues instructions based on past experiences and current conditions

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11
Q

interprets incoming sensory information and issues instructions based on past experiences and current conditions

A

the central nervous system

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12
Q

the part of the nervous system outside the central nervous system

A

peripheral nervous system

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13
Q

the peripheral nervous system

A

the part of the nervous system outside the CNS; consists mainly of nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord which serve as communication lines to and from the entire body

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14
Q

consists mainly of nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord which serve as communication lines to and from the entire body

A

the peripheral nervous system

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15
Q

spinal nerves

A

part of PNS; carry impulses to and from the spinal cord

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16
Q

part of PNS; carry impulses to and from the spinal cord

A

spinal nerves

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17
Q

cranial nerves

A

part of PNS; carry impulses to and from the brain

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18
Q

part of PNS; carry impulses to and from the brain

A

cranial nerves

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19
Q

link all parts of the body by carrying impulses from the sensory receptors to the CNS and from the CNS to the appropriate glands of muscles

A

the nerves of the PNS

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20
Q

the functional classification of the nervous system is only concerned with which part?

A

only with PNS structures

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21
Q

the two principal subdivisions of the Peripheral nervous system

A

sensory (afferent) division

motor (efferent) division

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22
Q

sensory (afferent) division of the PNS

A

consists of nerves that convey impulses TO the CNS from sensory receptors throughout the body; keeps the CNS constantly informed of events going on both inside and outside the body

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23
Q

consists of nerves that convey impulses TO the CNS from sensory receptors throughout the body

A

sensory (afferent) division of the PNS

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24
Q

keeps the CNS constantly informed of events going on both inside and outside the body

A

sensory (afferent) division of the PNS

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25
Q

motor (efferent) division of the PNS

A

consists of nerves that carry impulses FROM the CNS to effector organs, muscles and glands; carry impulses that bring about a motor response

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26
Q

consists of nerves that carry impulses FROM the CNS to effector organs, muscles and glands

A

motor (efferent) division of the PNS

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27
Q

carry impulses from the CNS that bring about a motor response

A

motor (efferent) division of the PNS

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28
Q

the two subdivisions of the motor division of the PNS

A

somatic (voluntary) nervous system

autonomic (involuntary) nervous system

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29
Q

another name for the somatic nervous system

A

voluntary nervous system

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30
Q

another name for the autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary nervous system

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31
Q

another name for the voluntary nervous system

A

somatic nervous system

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32
Q

another name for the involuntary nervous system

A

autonomic nervous system

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33
Q

somatic nervous system

A

allows us to consciously control our skeletal muscles; voluntary nervous system

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34
Q

allows us to consciously control our skeletal muscles

A

somatic nervous system

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35
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

regulates events which are automatic, such as glands and cardiac muscle; has two parts, sympathetic and parasympathetic

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36
Q

regulates events which are automatic, such as glands and cardiac muscle

A

autonomic nervous system

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37
Q

has two parts, sympathetic and parasympathetic

A

autonomic nervous system

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38
Q

what are the principal types of cells making up nervous tissue?

A 
supporting cells (neuroglia, glia, glial cells)
neurons (nerve cells)
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39
Q

other names of supporting cells in nervous tissue

A

neuroglia
glia
glial cells

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40
Q

another name for neuron cells in nervous tissue

A

nerve cells

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41
Q

the supporting cells in the CNS are collectively called this

A

neuroglia, glia, or glial cells

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42
Q

functions of the neuroglia

A

support, insulate and protect the delicate neurons; different types also have special functions

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43
Q

support, insulate and protect the delicate neurons

A

neuroglia

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44
Q

astrocytes

A

star-shaped cells that account for nearly half of the neural tissue; projections cling to neurons, bracing them and anchoring them to their nutrient supply lines, the blood capillaries; hold neurons apart

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45
Q

star-shaped cells that account for nearly half of the neural tissue

A

astrocytes

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46
Q

their projections cling to neurons, bracing them and anchoring them to their nutrient supply lines, the blood capillaries

A

astrocytes

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47
Q

glia which hold the neurons apart

A

astrocytes

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48
Q

microglia

A

glia which are phagocytes; monitor the health of nearby neurons; dispose of debris including dead brain cells and bacteria

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49
Q

glia

A

supporting cells of the CNS

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50
Q

glia which are phagocytes

A

microglia

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51
Q

monitor the health of nearby neurons; dispose of debris including dead brain cells and bacteria

A

microglia

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52
Q

ependymal cells

A

glial cells that line the central cavities of brain and spinal cord; the beating of their cilia helps to circulate the cerbralspinal fluid that fills that cavities and forms a protective cushion around the CNS

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53
Q

glial cells that line the central cavities of brain and spinal cord

A

ependymal cells

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54
Q

the beating of their cilia helps to circulate the cerbralspinal fluid that fills that cavities and forms a protective cushion around the CNS

A

ependymal cells

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55
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

glia that wrap their flat extensions (processes) tightly around the nerve fibers, producing fatty insulating covers called myelin sheaths

56
Q

glia that wrap their flat extensions (processes) tightly around the nerve fibers

A

oligodendrocytes

57
Q

glia that produce fatty insulating covers called myelin sheaths

A

oligodendrocytes

58
Q

myelin sheaths

A

fatty insulating covers around nerve fibers, made up of oligodendrocytes (glia) in the CNS, and schwann cells in the PNS

59
Q

fatty insulating covers around nerve fibers, made up of oligodendrocytes (glia)

A

myelin sheaths

60
Q

compare glial cells and neurons

A

both similar structurally-both have cell extensions
glia unable to transmit nerve impulses
glia never lose ability to divide like neurons do

61
Q

why are most brain tumors made up of glial cells and not neurons?

A

because glia never lose their ability to divide, neurons do

62
Q

supporting cells in the PNS

A

schwann cells

satellite cells

63
Q

schwann cells

A

form the myelin sheaths around neurons in the PNS

64
Q

satellite cells

A

act as protective, cushioning cells in the PNS

65
Q

form the myelin sheaths around neurons in the PNS

A

schwann cells

66
Q

act as protective, cushioning cells in the PNS

A

satellite cells

67
Q

neurons

A

nerve cells; highly specialized cells which transmit messages (nerve impulses) from one part of the body to another

68
Q

nerve cells

A

neurons

69
Q

highly specialized cells which transmit messages from one part of the body to another

A

neurons

70
Q

messages transmitted by neurons

A

nerve impulses

71
Q

nerve impulses

A

the messages transmitted by neurons

72
Q

common features of a neuron

A

all have a cell body which contains the nucleus and is the metabolic center of the cell, and one or more slender processes extending from the cell body

73
Q

cell body of a neuron

A

metabolic center; contains nucleus

74
Q

process of a neuron (fibers)

A

vary in length from microscopic to 3 or 4 feet; longest in humans reach from lumbar region of spine to great toe; convey messages (electrical signals) either a dendrite or an axon

75
Q

dendrites

A

neuron processes that convey incoming messages TOWARD the cell body; neurons may have hundreds of the branching dendrites

76
Q

neuron processes that convey incoming messages TOWARD the cell body

A

dendrite

77
Q

neurons may have hundreds of these branching processes

A

dendrites

78
Q

axons

A

neuron processes that generate nerve impulses and conduct them AWAY from the cell body; each neuron only has one axon which arises from the region on the body called the axon hillock

79
Q

neuron processes that generate nerve impulses and conduct them AWAY from the cell body

A

axons

80
Q

each neuron only has one of these processes

A

axon

81
Q

axon hillock

A

cone-like region of the cell body where the axon rises from

82
Q

cone-like region of the cell body where the axon rises from

A

axon hillock

83
Q

branches of an axon

A

occasionally there is a collateral branch along the length, but at the terminal ends of axons there are hundreds to thousands of axon terminals

84
Q

axon terminals

A

thousands of branches at the terminal end of axons; contain hundreds of tiny membranous sacs containing chemicals called neurotransmitters

85
Q

thousands of branches at the terminal end of axons

A

axon terminals

86
Q

contain hundreds of tiny membranous sacs containing chemicals called neurotransmitters

A

axon terminals

87
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals contained in the axon terminals; released into the extracellular space when stimulation from nerve impulses reach the axon terminals

88
Q

chemicals contained in the axon terminals

A

neurotransmitters

89
Q

released into the extracellular space when stimulation from nerve impulses reach the axon terminals

A

neurotransmitters

90
Q

synaptic cleft

A

tiny gap separating each axon terminal from the next neuron

91
Q

tiny gap separating each axon terminal from the next neuron

A

synaptic cleft

92
Q

synapse

A

the region of communication between neurons; the junction of an axon terminal, the synaptic cleft, and the next neuron

93
Q

the region of communication between neurons

A

synapse

94
Q

the junction of an axon terminal, the synaptic cleft, and the next neuron

A

synapse

95
Q

neurofibrils

A

filaments abundant in a neuron cells body which are the cytoskeleton which holds the cell shape

96
Q

filaments abundant in a neuron cells body which are the cytoskeleton which holds the cell shape

A

neurofibrils

97
Q

myelin

A

whitish fatty material most long nerve fibers are covered with; has a waxy appearance; protects and insulates fibers and increases transmission rate of nerve impulses

98
Q

whitish fatty material most long nerve fibers are covered with

A

myelin

99
Q

protects and insulates fibers and increases transmission rate of nerve impulses

A

myelin

100
Q

how do schwann cells orient themselves on the nerve fibers?

A

they wrap around the axon in a jelly roll fashion end to end, look like beads on a string, to create the myelin sheath

101
Q

they wrap around the axon in a jelly roll fashion end to end, look like beads on a string, to create the myelin sheath

A

schwann cells

102
Q

the gaps between the individual schwann cells making up the myelin sheath on the axon (the space between the beads on a string)

A

nodes of Ranvier

103
Q

nodes of Ranvier

A

the gaps between the individual schwann cells making up the myelin sheath on the axon (the space between the beads on a string)

104
Q

neurilemma

A

the area of the Schwann cell cytoplasm and its exposed membrane (the outermost shell as its wrapped around the axon)

105
Q

the area of the Schwann cell cytoplasm and its exposed membrane (the outermost shell as its wrapped around the axon)

A

neurilemma

106
Q

ganglia

A

clusters of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS (in the PNS)

107
Q

clusters of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS (in the PNS)

A

ganglia

108
Q

myelin sheath’s difference in CNS and PNS

A

CNS - formed by oligodendrocytes; each can coil around up to 60 different fibers; no neurilemma
PNS - formed by Schwann cells; takes many to make up one fiber’s sheath; if damaged the neurilemma can stay intact & helps fiber regeneration

109
Q

nuclei (nervous system)

A

the clusters cell bodies are found in in the CNS

110
Q

the clusters cell bodies are found in in the CNS

A

nuclei

111
Q

tracts

A

bundles of nerve fibers running through the CNS

112
Q

bundles of nerve fibers running through the CNS

A

tracts

113
Q

nerves

A

bundles of nerve fibers running through the PNS

114
Q

bundles of nerve fibers running through the PNS

A

nerves

115
Q

difference between nerves and tracts

A

both are bundles of nerve fibers
CNS - tracts
PNS - nerves

116
Q

what do the terms white matter and gray matter refer to?

A

myelinated versus unmyelinated regions of the CNS

117
Q

myelinated and unmyelinated regions of the CNS

A

white matter and grey matter

118
Q

white matter

A

dense collections of myelinated fibers (tracts) in the CNS

119
Q

gray matter

A

unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies in the CNS

120
Q

dense collections of myelinated fibers (tracts) in the CNS

A

white matter

121
Q

unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies in the CNS

A

gray matter

122
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

myelin sheaths around the fibers are destroyed; electrical current is short-circuited

123
Q

disease where myelin sheaths around the fibers are destroyed; electrical current is short-circuited

A

multiple sclerosis

124
Q

neurons carrying impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS

A

sensory (afferent) neurons

125
Q

where are the cell bodies of sensory neurons found?

A

in a ganglion outside the CNS

126
Q

purpose of sensory neurons

A

keep us informed about what is happening both inside and outside the body

127
Q

neurons carrying impulses from the CNS to the visera, muscles, and glands

A

motor (efferent) neurons

128
Q

where are the cells bodies of motor neurons found?

A

always in the CNS

129
Q

types of neurons

A

sensory (afferent)
motor (efferent)
interneurons (association neurons)

130
Q

interneurons (association neurons)

A

connect the motor and sensory neurons in neural pathways

131
Q

connect the motor and sensory neurons in neural pathways

A

interneurons (association neurons)

132
Q

where are the cell bodies of interneurons found?

A

always in the CNS

133
Q

multipolar neuron

A

neuron with several processes extending from cell body; most common structural type; all motor and association neurons

134
Q

bipolar neuron

A

neurons with two processes - an axon and a dendrite; rare in adults, only found in special sense organs (eyes, nose) where they act in sensory processing as receptor cells

135
Q

unipolar neurons

A

have a single process emerging from the cell body

Anatomy & Physiology (13 decks)

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