2 Organic Compounds Flashcards
most organic molecules are very large; their interactions with other molecules involve what?
only small reactive parts of their structure called functional groups (acid groups, amines, others)
functional groups
the small reactive parts of an organic molecule’s structure
the small reactive parts of an organic molecule’s structure
functional groups
monomers
similar or repeating units
similar or repeating units
monomers
polymers
chainlike molecules made up of many similar or repeating units (monomers) which are joined together by dehydration synthesis
chainlike molecules made up of many similar or repeating units (monomers) which are joined together by dehydration synthesis
polymers
dehydration synthesis
process by which a larger molecule is made by smaller ones joining through the removal of a water molecule at each sit of bond formation; a covalent bond unites the monomers as a hydrogen is released by one and a hydroxyl group by the other
process by which a larger molecule is made by smaller ones joining through the removal of a water molecule at each sit of bond formation
dehydration synthesis
the reverse process of dehydration syntheses
hydrolysis
a water molecule is added to bonded monomers and the bond is broken, releasing the monomers and breaking down polymers
hydrolysis
hydrolysis
the process in which water is used to split a substance into smaller particles; a water molecule is added to bonded monomers to break the bond
other than the monomers, all organic molecules share this in common
they are formed by dehydration synthesis and broken down through hydrolysis
carbohydrate
organic compound composed of carbon hydrogen and oxygen (CHO). includes sugars, starches and cellulose
organic compound composed of carbon hydrogen and oxygen (CHO). includes sugars, starches and cellulose
carbohydrate
CHO
carbohydrate, carbon hydrogen oxygen
carbohydrate means “hydrated carbon” what does this mean?
in carbohydrates, the hydrogen and oxygen atoms appear in the same ratio as water so it is H2O plus carbon C6H12O6 or C5H10O5
what are the three classification of carbohydrates?
classified according to size and solubility in water:
monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides
what are the structural units, or building blocks, of carbohydrates and why?
monosaccharides, because they are joined to form the molecules of the other two carbohydrate groups
monosaccharides
means one sugar; referred to as simple sugars
single-chain or single-ring structures containing 3 to 7 carbon atoms
means one sugar; referred to as simple sugars
single-chain or single-ring structures containing 3 to 7 carbon atoms
monosaccharides
important monosaccharides in the body
glucose fructose galactose ribose deoxyribose
what is blood sugar?
glucose
what is known as the universal cellular fuel?
glucose
what monosaccharides are converted to glucose for use by body cells?
fructose and galactose
what monosaccharides form part of the structure of nucleic acids?
ribose and deoxyribose
disaccharides
means double sugars, are formed when two simple sugars (monosaccharides) are joined by dehydration synthesis
means double sugars, are formed when two simple sugars are joined by dehydration synthesis
disaccharides
important disaccharides in the diet
sucrose (glucose-fructose); cane sugar
lactose (glucose-galactose); found in milk
maltose (glucose-glucose0; malt sugar
C6H12O6
glucose
what must happen for disaccharides to be absorbed from the digestive tract into the blood and why?
double sugars are too large to pass through cell membranes so they must be broken down (digested through hydrolysis) to their monosaccharide units to be absorbed from the digestive tract into the blood
long branching chains of linked simple sugars
polysaccharides; “many sugars”
what are polysaccharides useful for and why?
they are large, insoluble molecules which make them ideal storage products
besides their large size, how are polysaccharides different from disaccharides?
because of their large size they lack the sweetness of the simple and double sugars
important polysaccharides in the body
starch and glycogen
starch
the storage polysaccharide formed by plants
we ingest it in the form of “starchy” foods like grain and root vegetables
the storage polysaccharide formed by plants
we ingest it in the form of foods like grain and root vegetables
starch
glycogen
is a slightly smaller polysaccharide than starch but similar, it is found in animal tissues (mostly muscles and liver) formed of linked glucose units
what provides a ready, easily used source of food energy for cells?
carbohydrates
what is the principle carbohydrate used for food and energy for the cells?
glucose
what happens when glucose is oxidized (combined with oxygen) in a complex set of chemical reactions?
it is broken down into carbon dioxide and water. some of the energy released as the bonds are broken is trapped in the bonds of ATP molecules
the energy currency for all body cells
ATP
what happens to dietary carbohydrates if they are not immediately needed for ATP synthesis?
they are converted to glycogen or fat and stored
what is used for structural purposes and represent 1 to 2 percent of cell mass?
carbohydrates
besides being a source of energy, where else are carbohydrates found?
small amounts used for structural purpose, represent 1 to 2 percent of cell mass
some sugars found in our genes
sugars are attached to outer surface of cell membranes where they act as road signs to guide cellular interactions
carbohydrates are ingested as what?
sugars and starches
how are carbohydrates and lipids alike structurally?
both contain CHO and are degraded by hydrolysis and built by dehydration synthesis
in what form do lipids enter the body?
fat-marbled meats, egg yolks, milk products and oils
the most abundant lipids in the body
triglycerides
phospholipids
steroids
how are lipids structurally different from carbohydrates?
both are made up of CHO but where carbohydrate’s keep the H and O ratio the same as water (H2O), in lipids the Carbon and Hydrogen atoms far outnumber the Oxygen atoms
can you dissolve lipids?
most lipids are insoluble in water but easily dissolve in other lipids and in organic solvents like alcohol and acetone
neutral fats
triglycerides
the building blocks of triglycerides
glycerol and fatty acids
molecule whose E shape resembles the tines of a fork
triglyceride
triglyceride
glycerol with three fatty acid chains attached. the result of their synthesis is an E-shaped molecule that resembles the tines of a fork
how are there different kinds of neutral fats?
the glycerol backbone is the same in all neutral fats (triglycerides) but the fatty acid chains vary, resulting in different kinds of neutral fats
what determines how solid a triglyceride molecule is at any given temperature?
the length of the triglyceride’s fatty acid chains and their type of C-C bonds
triglycerides having fatty acid chains with only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms
saturated fat
saturated fat
triglycerides having fatty acid chains with only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms
fatty acid chains are straight; solid at room temperature
fatty acid chains are straight
saturated fat
solid at room temperature
saturated fat
why is saturated fat solid at room temperature?
their fatty acid chains are straight and, at room temperature the molecules pack closely together
their fatty acid chains are straight and, at room temperature the molecules pack closely together
saturated fat
fatty acid chains pack closely together
saturated fat
fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms
unsaturated
monounsaturated and polyunsaturated
what causes fatty acid chains to kink?
the double and triple bonds between carbon atoms
fatty acids that cannot pack closely enough to solidify
unsaturated fat
liquid at room temperature
unsaturated fat
unsaturated fat
monounsaturated and polyunsaturated
fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms
fatty acid chains are kinked;
liquid at room temperature
triglycerides with short fatty acid chains or unsaturated fatty acids
oils (liquid at room temperature)
olive oil, soybean oil and safflower oil are examples of what kind of fat?
unsaturated
olive oil is monounsaturated and the others polyunsaturated
animal fats like butterfat and meat fat are examples of what kind of fat?
saturated
trans fats
oils that have been solidified by the addition of hydrogen atoms at the sites of the double-carbon bonds
oils that have been solidified by the addition of hydrogen atoms at the sites of the double-carbon bonds
trans fats
type of fat that increases the risk of heart disease even more than solid animal fat
trans fats
omega-3 fatty acids
found naturally in cold-water fish; decrease risk of heart disease and some inflammatory diseases
represent the body’s most abundant and concentrated source of usable energy
triglycerides, neutral fats
when they are oxidized, they yield large amounts of energy
triglycerides
stored chiefly in fat deposits beneath the skin and around body organs
triglycerides, neutral fats
where are triglycerides chiefly stored?
in fat deposits beneath the skin and around body organs
help insulate the body and protect deeper body tissues from heat loss and bumps
triglycerides stored in fat deposits
similar to triglycerides
phospholipids
difference in structure between phospholipids and triglycerides
phospholipids have a phosphorus-containing group instead of one of the fatty acid chains
structure of phospholipid
glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acid chains and phosphorus containing group which is the polar “head”
what gives phospholipids special chemical properties and polarity?
the phosphorus-containing “head” bears an electrical charge
structure is basically flat molecules formed of four interlocking rings
steroid
steroid
structure is basically flat molecules formed of four interlocking rings
compare steroids to fats
structures are different but both are mad largely of hydrogen and carbon atoms and are fat soluble
single most important steroid molecule
cholesterol
where do we get cholesterol from
ingest animal products like meat egg and cheese; some is made by liver regardless of diet
where is cholesterol found?
in cell membranes
what is the raw material of vitamin D, steroid hormones and bile salts?
cholesterol
cholesterol
single most important steroid molecule
raw material of vitamin D, steroid hormones and bile salt
what are the building blocks of lipids?
glycerol and fatty acids
what are the building blocks of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides
which type of lipid is abundant in cellular membranes?
phospholipids
salts are electrolytes. what does that mean?
they conduct an electrical current when dissolved in water
how do ionic bonds differ from covalent bonds?
ionic bonds electrons completely transferred
covalent bonds electrons are shared
what accounts for over 50% of the organic matter in the body and have the most varied functions of the organic molecules?
proteins
how is protein like carbohydrates and lipids?
all contain carbon, oxygen, & hydrogen
what elements are proteins made up of?
Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen Nitrogen sometimes Sulfur
the building blocks of proteins
amino acids which are small molecules
what structure do all amino acid groups have?
an amine group (NH2) - gives basic properties
and acid group (COOH - allows them to act as acids
all amino acids are identical except for what?
a single group of atoms called their R-group
what makes each amino acid chemically and functionally unique?
differences in the R-group
structure of protein
amino acids are joined together in chains to form large complex protein molecules containing 50-thousands of amino acids
amino acid chains containing fewer than 50 amino acids
polypeptides
amino acid chains containing more than 50 amino acids
proteins
how do amino acids produce dfferent proteins?
the sequence in which the amino acids are bound together (each of the 20 amino acids are like a letter forming into “words” ie proteins)
how many different amino acids are there?
20
the four structural levels of protein
primary structure
secondary structure
tertiary structure
quaternary structure
the primary structure of a protein
the sequence of amino acids composing the polypeptide chain; resembles a strand of amino acid “beads;” is the back bone of the protein molecule
the sequence of amino acids composing the polypeptide chain
the primary structure of a protein
resembles a strand of amino acid “beads”
the primary structure of a protein
is the backbone of the protein molecule
the primary structure of protein
secondary structural level of a protein
the amino acid chain twisting and bending upon itself to form a more complex structure
the amino acid chain twisting and bending upon itself to form a more complex structure
the secondary structural level of a protein
two types of secondary structural levels of proteins
alpha-helix (slinky)
beta-pleated sheet (accordion)
the most common secondary structure of protein
alpha-helix
alpha-helix
the most common secondary structure of protein; resembles a slinky or telephone cord coil; formed by coiling the primary chain and stabilized by hydrogen bonds; the hydrogen bonds always link different parts of the SAME chain together
secondary structure of protein that resembles a slinky or telephone cord
alpha-helix
secondary structure of protein formed by coiling the primary chain and stabilized by hydrogen bonds
alpha-helix
secondary structure of protein that’s hydrogen bonds always link different parts of the SAME chain together
alpha-helix
in this type of secondary structure of protein, the primary polypeptide chains do not coil, but are linked side by side by hydrogen bonds to form pleated, ribbon-like structures that resemble and accordion
beta-pleated sheet
beta-pleated sheet
a secondary structure of protein; resembles an accordion; primary polypeptide chains are linked side by side by hydrogen bonds to form a pleated ribbon-like structure; hydrogen bonds can link together DIFFERENT polypeptide chains as well as different parts of the SAME chain that has folded back on itself
secondary structure of protein that’s hydrogen bonds link together different polypeptide chains as well as different parts of the same chain that has folded back on itself
beta-pleated sheet
tertiary structure of a protein
the three-dimensional shape of the polypeptide or protein; is achieved when alpha-helix or beta-pleated regions fold upon one another to produce a compact, ball-like (globular) molecule; unique structure; maintained by covalent and hydrogen bonds between amino acids that are often far apart on primary chain
the three-dimensional shape of the polypeptide or protein
tertiary structure of a protein
is achieved when alpha-helix or beta-pleated regions fold upon one another to produce a compact, ball-like (globular) molecule
tertiary structure of a protein
unique structure; maintained by covalent and hydrogen bonds between amino acids that are often far apart on primary chain
tertiary structure of a protein
quaternary structural level of protein
when TWO OR MORE polypeptide chains combine in a regular manner to form a complex protein
the final structure of any protein (tertiary or quaternary) is very specific and is dictated by this
its primary structure; the types and positions of the amino acids in the protein backbone determines where bonds can form; hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids position near the protein’s core and surface
based on their overall shape and structure, proteins are classified into these two proteins
fibrous proteins (structural proteins) globular proteins (functional proteins)
another name for fibrous proteins
structural proteins
another name for globular proteins
functional proteins
fibrous proteins
appear most often in body structures; some only secondary structure but most tertiary & quaternary; very important in binding structures together and providing strength in certain tissue; also called structural proteins because they FORM STUCTURES
collagen
fibrous protein; most abundant protein in body; found in bones, cartilage and tendons
fibrous protein; most abundant protein in body; found in bones, cartilage and tendons
collagen
keratin
fibrous protein; is the structural protein of hair and nails and the material that makes skin “tough”
fibrous protein; is the structural protein of hair and nails and the material that makes skin “tough”
keratin
globular proteins
mobile; generally compact, spherical molecules that have a tertiary or quaternary structure; water soluble; also called functional proteins because they DO THINGS; play crucial role in all biological processes
appear most often in body structures; some only secondary structure but most tertiary & quaternary; very important in binding structures together and providing strength in certain tissue; also called structural proteins because they FORM STUCTURES
fibrous proteins
mobile; generally compact, spherical molecules that have a tertiary or quaternary structure; water soluble; also called functional proteins because they DO THINGS; play crucial role in all biological processes
globular proteins
antibodies
globular (functional) proteins; provide immunity; highly specialized proteins that recognize, bind with, and inactivate bacteria, toxins, and some viruses
hormones
globular proteins; help regulate growth and development
enzymes
globular (functional) proteins; biological catalysts; regulate essentially every chemical reaction in to body; hundreds of different ones very specific in their activities acting only specific molecules
stability of the two kinds of proteins (fibrous and globular)
fibrous-exceptionally stable
globular-unstable; fragile hydrogen bonds are critical to maintaining their structure; easily broken by heat and excess pH
denatured proteins
when a the three-dimensional structure of protein is destroyed by heat or excess pH; can no longer perform their physiological roles because their function depends on their structure
when a the three-dimensional structure of protein is destroyed by heat or excess pH; can no longer perform their physiological roles because their function depends on their structure
denatured proteins
active sites on a protein’s surface
particular collection of atoms that “fit” and interact chemically with other molecules of complementary shape and size; don’t “fit” if denatured
particular collection of atoms on a protein’s surface that “fit” and interact chemically with other molecules of complementary shape and size; don’t “fit” if denatured
active sites
catalyst
a substance that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the product or changed itself
a substance that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the product or changed itself
catalyst
how do enzymes act as catalysts?
they bind to and “hold” the reacting molecules (substrates) in the proper position for chemical interaction; once reaction has occurred, enzyme releases the product and is reusable
what would happen without enzymes?
biochemical reaction would be too slow to sustain life
globular (functional) proteins; provide immunity; highly specialized proteins that recognize, bind with, and inactivate bacteria, toxins, and some viruses
antibodies
transport proteins
globular (functional) protein; transports oxygen in the blood (hemoglobin); others carry iron, cholesterol or other substances in the blood
globular (functional) protein; transports oxygen in the blood (hemoglobin); others carry iron, cholesterol or other substances in the blood
transport proteins
globular (functional) proteins; biological catalysts; regulate essentially every chemical reaction in to body; hundreds of different ones very specific in their activities acting only specific molecules
enzymes
hydrolases
enzymes which add water
enzymes which add water
hydrolases
oxidases
enzymes which cause oxidation
enzymes which cause oxidation
oxidases
how can you recognize an enzyme by its name?
by the suffix -ase forming part of its name
function of enzymes in blood clotting
uses both enzymes that are produced in inactive form and must be activated as well as enzymes that must be inactivated immediately after they have performed their function; blood vessel damaged; enzyme activated to clot blood then inactivated to stop clotting when enough
Oxygen in the body
a major component of both organic and inorganic molecules; as a gas, essential to the oxidation of glucose and other food fuels, during which cellular energy (ATP) is produced
Carbon in the body
the primary element in all organic molecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Hydrogen in the body
a component of most organic molecules; as an ion, it influences the pH of body fluids
Nitrogen in the body
a component of proteins and nucleic acids (genetic material)
Calcium in the body
found as a salt in bones and teeth; in ionic form, required for muscle contraction, neural transmission, and blood clotting
Phosphorous in the body
present as a salt, in combination with calcium, in bones and teeth; also present in nucleic acids and many proteins; forms part of ATP
Potassium in the body
in its ionic form, the major intracellular cation; necessary for the conduction of nerve impulses and for muscle contraction
Sulfur in the body
a component of proteins (particularly contractile proteins of muscle)
Sodium in the body
as an ion, the major extracellular cation; important for water balance, conduction of nerve impulses, and muscle contraction
Chlorine in the body
in ionic (chloride) form, the most abundant extracellular ion
Magnesium in the body
present in bone; also important cofactor for enzyme activity in a number of metabolic reactions
Iodine in the body
needed to make functional thyroid hormones
Iron in the body
a component of the functional hemoglobin molecule (which transports oxygen within red blood cells) and some enzymes
a major component of both organic and inorganic molecules; as a gas, essential to the oxidation of glucose and other food fuels, during which cellular energy (ATP) is produced
Oxygen
the primary element in all organic molecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Carbon
a component of most organic molecules; as an ion, it influences the pH of body fluids
Hydrogen
a component of proteins and nucleic acids (genetic material)
Nitrogen
found as a salt in bones and teeth; in ionic form, required for muscle contraction, neural transmission, and blood clotting
Calcium
present as a salt, in combination with calcium, in bones and teeth; also present in nucleic acids and many proteins; forms part of ATP
Phosphorus
in its ionic form, the major intracellular cation; necessary for the conduction of nerve impulses and for muscle contraction
Potassium
a component of proteins (particularly contractile proteins of muscle)
Sulfur
as an ion, the major extracellular cation; important for water balance, conduction of nerve impulses, and muscle contraction
Sodium
in ionic form, the most abundant extracellular ion
Chlorine (chloride in ionic form)
present in bone; also important cofactor for enzyme activity in a number of metabolic reactions
Magnesium
needed to make functional thyroid hormones
Iodine
a component of the functional hemoglobin molecule (which transports oxygen within red blood cells) and some enzymes
Iron
Factors increasing the rate of chemical reactions
increased temperature
increased concentration of reacting particles
decrease in particle size
presence of catalysts
Neutral fats (triglycerides) in the body
found in fat deposits (subcutaneous tissue and around organs); protect and insulate the body organs; the major source of stored energy in the body
Phospholipids (cephalin and others)
found in cell membranes; participate in the transport of lipids in plasma; abundant in the brain and nervous tissue in general, where they help to form insulating white matter
5 major steroids in body
Cholesterol Bile salts Vitamin D Sex hormones Corticosteroids (adrenal cortical hormones)
Cholesterol in the body
the basis of all steroids
Bile salts in the body
a breakdown product of cholesterol; released by the liver into the digestive tract, where they aid in fat digestion and absorption
Vitamin D in the body
a fat-soluble vitamin produced in the skin on exposure to UV radiation; necessary for normal bone growth and function
Sex hormones in the body
estrogen and progesterone (female) and testosterone (male) produced from cholesterol; necessary for normal reproductive function; deficits result in sterility
Corticosteroids (adrenal cortical hormones) in the body
cortisol, a glucocorticoid, is a long-term anti-stress hormone that is necessary for life; aldosterone helps regulate salt and water balance in body fluids by targeting the kidneys
Vitamin A in the body
a fat-soluble vitamin; found in orange-pigmented vegetables (carrots) and fruits (tomatoes); part of the photoreceptor pigment involved in vision
Vitamin E in the body
a fat-soluble vitamin; taken via plant product like wheat germ and green leafy vegetables; may promote wound healing and contribute to fertility, but not proven in humans; an antioxidant; may help to neutralize free radicals
Vitamin K in the body
a fat-soluble vitamin; made available largely by the action of intestinal bacterial; also prevalent in a wide variety of foods; necessary for proper clotting of blood
Prostaglandins in the body
derivatives of fatty acids found in cell membranes; various functions depending on the specific class, including stimulation of uterine contractions (inducing labor and abortions), regulation of blood pressure, and control of motility of the gastrointestinal tract; involved in inflammation
Lipoproteins in the body
lipoid and protein-based substances that transport fatty acids and cholesterol in the bloodstream
found in fat deposits (subcutaneous tissue and around organs); protect and insulate the body organs; the major source of stored energy in the body
neutral fats (triglycerides)
found in cell membranes; participate in the transport of lipids in plasma; abundant in the brain and nervous tissue in general, where they help to form insulating white matter
Phospholipids
the basis of all steroids
Cholesterol
a breakdown product of cholesterol; released by the liver into the digestive tract, where they aid in fat digestion and absorption
Bile salts
a fat-soluble vitamin produced in the skin on exposure to UV radiation; necessary for normal bone growth and function
Vitamin D
estrogen and progesterone (female) and testosterone (male) produced from cholesterol; necessary for normal reproductive function; deficits result in sterility
Sex hormones
cortisol, a glucocorticoid, is a long-term anti-stress hormone that is necessary for life; aldosterone helps regulate salt and water balance in body fluids by targeting the kidneys
Corticosteroids
a fat-soluble vitamin; found in orange-pigmented vegetables (carrots) and fruits (tomatoes); part of the photoreceptor pigment involved in vision
Vitamin A
a fat-soluble vitamin; taken via plant product like wheat germ and green leafy vegetables; may promote wound healing and contribute to fertility, but not proven in humans; an antioxidant; may help to neutralize free radicals
Vitamin E
a fat-soluble vitamin; made available largely by the action of intestinal bacterial; also prevalent in a wide variety of foods; necessary for proper clotting of blood
Vitamin K
derivatives of fatty acids found in cell membranes; various functions depending on the specific class, including stimulation of uterine contractions (inducing labor and abortions), regulation of blood pressure, and control of motility of the gastrointestinal tract; involved in inflammation
Prostaglandins
lipoid and protein-based substances that transport fatty acids and cholesterol in the bloodstream
Lipoproteins
the role of nucleic acids
they make up genes, the blueprint for life; dictate protein structure
they make up genes, the blueprint for life
nucleic acids
they dictate protein structure
nucleic acids
what elements are nucleic acids composed of?
Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen Nitrogen Phosphorus
largest biological molecules in the body
nucleic acids
building blocks of nucleic acids
nucleotides
nucleotides’ 3 basic parts
a nitrogen-containing base (ATCGU)
a pentose (5-carbon) sugar
a phosphate group
the five varieties of nucleotide bases
Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Thymine (T) Uracil (U)
the structural differences of the five nucleotide bases
A and G are large, two-ring bases, whereas the others are smaller, single-ring structures
the two major kinds of nucleic acid
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ribonucleic acid (RNA)
how are the “backbones” and “rungs” of DNA formed?
the backbones are formed by alternating sugar and phosphate molecules; the rungs are formed by complementary bases (A to T, C to G) bound by hydrogen bonds
DNA
genetic material found within the cell nucleus;
two roles: replicates itself exactly before the cell divides ensuring genetic info in every cell is identical; provides the instructions for building every protein in the body
RNA
located outside the nucleus; can be considered “molecular slave” of DNA–carries out orders for protein synthesis issued by DNA
structural difference of RNA compared to DNA
both formed together by joining nucleotides; RNA single stranded; U replaces T in pairing with A; its sugar is ribose instead of deoxyribose
three major varieties of RNA
messenger RNA
ribosomal RNA
transfer RNA
each has specific role all to do with carrying out DNA’s instructions for building protein
messenger RNA
carries the information for building the protein from the DNA genes to the ribosomes, the protein-synthesizing sites
carries the information for building the protein from the DNA genes to the ribosomes, the protein-synthesizing sites
messenger RNA
transfer RNA
ferries amino acids to the ribosomes for protein synthesis
ferries amino acids to the ribosomes for protein synthesis
transfer RNA
ribosomal RNA
forms part of the ribosomes, where it oversees the translation of the message and the binding together of amino acids to form proteins
forms part of the ribosomes, where it oversees the translation of the message and the binding together of amino acids to form proteins
ribosomal RNA
ATP
adenosine triphosphate; provides a chemical form of energy that all body cells can use
ATP structurally
a modified nucleotide; consists of an adenine base, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups; the phosphate groups are attached by high-energy phosphate bonds which are broken by hydrolysis to release energy
a modified nucleotide; consists of an adenine base, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups
ATP
the phosphate groups of this molecule are attached by high-energy phosphate bonds which are broken by hydrolysis to release energy
ATP
chemical equation of ATP releasing energy
ATP–> ADP + P + E
P=inorganic phosphate E=energy
how is ATP replenished?
by the oxidation of food fuels; the same amount of energy must be captured and used to reattach the phosphate group to ADP to make ATP
ATP–>ADP–>ATP–>ADP–what is the process
the high-energy phosphate bonds are being attached and broken; when the phosphate group is attached & energy is stored it is ATP, broken off & energy released it is ADP
how do glucose and ATP work together to provide energy?
glucose is the most important fuel for body cells but none of the chemical energy contained in its bonds can be used directly. Energy is released as glucose is catabolized and is captured & stored in the bonds of ATP; glucose is the fuel, ATP is the fire
